Physical Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Physical Assessment - Essay Example The nipple is surrounded by pigmented area of the skin, known as the areola, which possesses underlying areolar glands. Normal breasts are located between the second and the sixth ribs and from the lateral margin of sternum to mid-axillary line. They enlarge during pregnancy and lactation, due to the enlargement of ducts and lobules (Snell, 2008). The normal shape of the breast is due to the connective tissue and ligaments and it is supplied by nerves, blood and lymph vessels, and lymph nodes. Accurate diagnosis is important to assess the proper function of mammary glands (in females), as well as the increasing risk of breast cancer in both males and females (WebMD, n.d.) The patient complained of severe pain in the upper lateral quadrant on the left side of her breast since the past six days, and difficulty in breathing. Her left nipple appeared to be slightly inverted since her menopause eight years ago. She had two children whom she had lactated until the first year after their births. Both the right and left breasts appeared symmetrical and were located on the pectoral muscles in normal position and were of an average size. The skin was smooth throughout and there was no discoloration, heat or erythema on either of them. Her right nipple was everted but her left one had been inverted since menopause. Upon palpation, the right breast had no swollen lymph nodes or tenderness, but the upper left quadrant of left breast had focal nodularity, slight swelling of axilla and tenderness. There was no discharge from either of the nipples. Upon mammography and sentinel node biopsy, it was discovered that the patient had metastatic breast cancer and advised mastectomy and subsequent chemotherapy and breast irradiation. Her estrogen and progesterone receptor assays were positive, confirming the aforementioned prognosis. Educate the patient regarding breast cancer and its specifics. Bilateral

Scientific Realism & Anti-realism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Scientific Realism & Anti-realism - Assignment Example The â€Å"no miracles argument† is an argument for realism that states that there are unobservable â€Å"entities† in the world that can be used to influence the observable world. Just because one cannot observe everything does not mean that it does not exist. What happens in the observable world proves the existence and can allow one to predict the behavior of the unobservable. A theory is â€Å"empirically successful† if it has to be shown to make â€Å"excellent predictions about the behavior of objects in the observable world†. Inherently unobservable phenomena, such as the changes an electron undergoes in an atom when moving from a high to lower energy-state in lasers, which scientists then apply to technology that is functionally based on the repeatable results of the experiments define theories that are empirically successful. Realists use the theory to confirm the existence of the unobservable world and to make predictions about its reliability, proposing that if a theory is empirically successful that it must be true based on the results of repeated observations. Anti-realists refer to a number of theories based on empirically successful experimentation that science has later proven false. The anti-realist position is that as science becomes more sophisticated and uncovers ways to observe more of the world, more of the unknown becomes known. The â€Å"no clear difference† argument proposes that there is no clear delineation between the observable and unobservable world. Another argument for realism, this argument indicates that if the line cannot be drawn so that it is easily understood, that more is observable than the anti-realists readily assume.

Gun control Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gun control - Research Paper Example The basis of the gun control debate lies squarely at the feet of the 2nd amendment. Created in 1791, the 2nd amendment states: "a well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed". The purpose of the 2nd amendment was to allow individual states to form their own militias to protect themselves and their country in the event of an attack from outside sources. Such an amendment was deemed necessary by the founding fathers due to the fact that the Revolutionary War had ended several years earlier, and by necessity, civilian men (and at times boys) needed to take up arms as a matter of defense. During the civil war, African American men were also called upon to join militias in an effort to defend the South from the invading Union soldiers. After the Civil War ended, there was much debate on whether the freed slaves should still be permitted the right to bear arms as a means of protection for themselves and their assets. The 14th amendment was drafted as a means to quelling the uncertainty surrounding the rights of former slaves in regards to the possession of firearms (Wilson 163). ... The 1856 Supreme Court decision in the case of Dred Scott v. Sanford denied African Americans the right to full citizenship. Due to this denial of full rights, African Americans were prohibited from carrying weapons and firearms of any sort. It wasn't until 1866 when the Civil Rights Act was passed by Congress that carrying a firearm became legal for all citizens despite their ethnic background (Wilson 164). Since that time gun control policy has been scrutinized for various reasons, but none stemming from racial or ethnic bias. Gun Control Policy 1900-2008 Since the year 1900, there have been reviews of gun control policy in the United States. During the early 1900's, terrorist factions, such as the mafia began to take hold of major cities across the United States. Gun violence was erupting on a daily basis as crime bosses fought their battles to control the streets. Many individuals who were not involved in criminal activity were losing their lives. As a response to the increase in gun violence across the country, the Supreme Court passed the National Firearms act. The National Firearms Act of 1934 imposes an excise tax on those firearms believed to be used routinely in criminal activity (Lott 125). This excise tax was imposed on the manufacturer of the firearm as well as the individual selling the firearm. Guns such as machine guns, short barreled rifles, short barreled shotguns and hand grenades topped the list of those firearms subjected to the increased excise tax. Congress first mandated that guns less than 16 inches would be considered short barreled, and thus subjected to the tax, but in 1960 the National Firearms Act was amended, changing the mandated barrel length to 14 inches (Lott 183). The assassination of several prominent

Marketing Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Marketing Plan - Assignment Example With a drug that is slow releasing and with a longer half-life, it is possible to improve the efficiency of therapy and increase patient’s confidence since they will not be required to take daily doses. The product will be provided by a new company (imagined for the purpose of the assignment). This will allow for flexibility in coming up with new ideas related to business and marketing strategy. An existing company may pose unexpected strategic barriers to the plan. The target audience for pharmaceutical companies is the drug chemists and pharmacists as well as other players in the health sector. These are the ones directly in contact with the target customer and will, therefore, link the product to the consumers. Similar products are available in the market. The REHZ drug is available as a combination of all the four main drugs used in pulmonary TB. The drug makes it more convenient for patients to take a single tablet as opposed to several tablets daily. Even with the existing similar product in the market, the new idea has a distinctive competitive advantage over the rest. This is because the REHZ is still taken daily, a factor which still does not improve on the efficiency. The new drug will not be required daily because of the slow, extended-release

Argument Synthesis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Argument Synthesis paper - Essay Example tstanding question that needs an immediate address evolving as the greatest robotic debate or argument is the jobs, ethical and social values destroyed by the artificial intelligences, automation. Therefore, as a turning point usage of robots in the modern society to solve life issue in handling robotic concept and principles in dealing with ethical, social and job issues cause some vulnerability in than good. For example people living with autism as claimed by Judith (2014). On a broad aspect, the impacts of artificial intelligence as a data-driven model, accountable and control tool or operational model as carefully evaluated, examined and rebutted against artificial intelligence in solving the human problems from different dimensions based on the reliable facts and evidences obtained by Judith (2014) claims from an economic point of view are pointing out the impacts of artificial intelligence and automation on employments and job opportunities in creating technological unemployment. Based on the economic skeptical Luddism approach (Noel 2008; Robbie 2012) applies the similar pattern to visualize the new robotic life it has caused in creating mass unemployment as robots can handle much work with long working hours compared to human labor. Nevertheless, neoclassical economist argues that, though most predication have worked out is solving human problems such as solving health problems, collecting the highways and other areas, digital revolution or accel erating technology causes the modern employment crisis. Wang claim supports Robbie (2012) findings by basing his findings and conclusion from a developmental and cognitive point of view against the overdependence of robotic intelligence in addressing human issues. According to his findings, the use of robotic intelligence has always resulted to the outstripping of the human brain processing power as the most of reasoning and cognitive activities are taken by the use of computerized devices. Comparatively, the

Texting and Driving Speech Essay Example for Free

Texting and Driving Speech Essay To convince my audience that the use of cell phone while driving is dangerous. Central Idea: The use of cell phone should be banned while driving because of the minds not focus on the driving,the driving and the distraction by the phone. Organization: Problem, solution, solution Main Point: Point Elaborate †¢Mind cannot focus on driving †¢Distraction from the cell phone †¢Effects: accident/injury †¢Effects: jeopardize people around †¢Example: The driver will not focus with the driving and will endanger people around if there are mistakes while driving. (statistic) †¢Hand phone should be banned †¢Banning the usage of cell phone while driving †¢Harm people around †¢Solution: Goverment need to be aggresive on settling this issue. †¢Solution: Government need to fine the driver with high prices. Example –state of Massachusetts have given the penalty to the driver that is found guilty will be fine for $100 for first offense and the second offence will be $250 and the third offence will be $500. †¢Driving amp; distraction †¢To have slower braking time †¢Solution: Installing Rumble Strips along road to get attention of the driver. Topic Gadget Title The use of cell phone should be banned while driving General Purpose To persuade Specific Purpose To convince my audience that the use of cell phone while driving is dangerous Central Idea The use of cell phone should be banned while driving because minds cannot focus on the driving, the ways to overcome this problem which are the government need to fine driver that found guilty with high prices and the government need to improve the roads condition such as installing the â€Å"Rumble strips†. Organization Problem, Solution, Solution INTRODUCTION †¢Open with impact/ Attention getter Cell phone is a gadget where people tend to use to make call, give short message service (SMS). (suddenly the phone is ringing and I picked it up while doing presentation). Tie to the audience/ reason to listen Back to my slide, fact says that we cannot do two things at the same time. Based on what I acted just now showing that while I gave my speech, and someone just call me at the same time, I cannot do that both. It is related with while we are driving, and someone just calls us, and then we tend to do or focus on just one thing. Why I am saying that? That is because we use only half of our brain to process for what we do. †¢Credibility statement/ material When I drove back to my hometown and yes, sometimes I am talking on the phone while driving. So, after few times seeing some accident and the impact when using hand phone while driving, I get my knees shake. †¢Preview of main points/ central idea For today, I will convincing you that cell phone need to be banned while driving because the minds will not focus on the driving and how to overcome this problem which is the government need to fine driver that found guilty with high prices and the government should improve the roads condition such as put the â€Å"rumble strips†. Transition to body of speech: First of all, we need to know what the problem in this statement is. Main point 1 When we are driving in a car while talking on the phone, our mind cannot focus on the road because one hand with the phone and one hand manoeuvre the car. †¢Supporting details 1 Certain studies show that driving while talking on the phone can lead to injury or increasing the crash risk. †¢Supporting details 2 Example like a study by Suzanne McEvoy and colleagues of driver on 2005 in Western Australia have found that drivers that are using cell phones were four times tend to be in injury-resulting crashes when talking on the cell phones. Supporting details 3 Niki Taylor which is a supermodel had got in an accident. The accident was began when a friend of her or stockbroker, James ‘Chad’ Renegar had hit a utility pole while trying to retrieve a ringing phone. From the report, there were also a passenger aside Niki. The weather were stormy and the road were wet and winding. Niki sat in front of passenger seat during the low impact crash. (picture of Niki Taylor) Transition to main point 2 As we all know, the government have banned the use of cell phone while driving. †¢Main point 2 Phone can bring harm to people around if the driver is using it. Government need to be aggressive in settling this issue. So, the government need to fine the driver with high prices summons. †¢Supporting details 1 Example like one of state in United States of America which is Massachusetts had given the penalty to the driver that has been found guilty. They will be fine for $100 for first offense and the second offence will be $250 and the third offence will be $500. †¢Supporting details 2 By doing this, I am sure people will not played their cell phones while driving because the price is to high! Transition to main point 3 Besides that, cell phone is a distracting thing while driving a car. †¢Main point 3 When we are driving, we are tending to be more careful or cautious about people around. But, when something distracting us we might lose focus on driving example when suddenly something happened, we have or tend to have slower braking time. †¢Supporting details 1 To curb this from always happened, the government can also make some changes to the road rather than we use the law to reduce the number of driver that doing this ‘crime’. The government need to install â€Å"Rumble Strips† along road to get attention of the driver. †¢Supporting details 2 Rumble strips can also be called as sleeper lines which are to alert the driver if they have drift from their lane on the road. Besides it is an economical and effective to the driver. Picture shown that the rumble strips in Hennikar, New Hampshire, US. (picture is shown) Transition to conclusion Be sure to keep this in mind that with using cell phone while driving will cause you to be in more high risk state. Conclusion †¢Summary of main point In conclusion, I am emphasise that using cell phone while driving will cause you more impact because your mind cannot focus on driving, and it will distracting you as a driver and we need to follow the law from government or else we might get into trouble.

Cultural Research of Nayar of India

Cultural Research of Nayar of India This research paper provides insights into the Political Organization, Gender Relations, and Beliefs and Values of the agrarian state and cultural practices of the Nayar people of southwestern India. By understanding the Nayar culture, people may better understand and appreciate cultural differences between the Nayar culture and that of their own. In the essay, Some Aspects of Nayar Life Panikkar (1918) states, The Nayars are at present an essentially agricultural population. The vast majority of them are peasant proprietors owning small farms. Rice and coco-nuts are the chief things cultivated, though in North Malabar pepper and card oman have also their share (p.285). It should also be noted that states are much more complex and stratified than chiefdoms, so it is not feasible to rely solely on kinship as a recruitment method. In state systems, land ownership and occupation are at least as important as kinship as a system of organization; the state itself becomes a key institution of organization. (Nowak, et al., 2010, ch.7.8, n. p.). Of particular interest is the fact that the Nayar as with other caste societies, marry within their own caste. While this similarity with other endogamous societies helps to preserve the class of people, the Nayar marriage practices vary considerably from other agrarian states and caste for which I explain later. Political Organization The political system among the Nayar people has as with most cultures that have been the target of colonialism and capitalism, seen considerable change over last several hundred years. Much of the former kinship, matrilineal and political structures and systems of the Nayar culture have all but vanished. Kathleen Gough (1952), stated that Later in the nineteenth century, more deep-rooted economic changes took place, and these have increased in momentum until all the traditional groupings of caste, village and lineage are dis-integrating (p. 79). The political and economic influence during the later part of 19th century by the British probably had the most notable impact on the Nayar people. European military forces and government structures as well as the introduction of machines played a significant role in the changing political and economic structures and systems as well as building of permanent roads and railroads. The introduction of new trading opportunities, realignment of jobs, tighter controls to ensure peace, increased use of monetary currency, and broader reaching governmental jurisdiction across caste and villages played a vital role in redesigning the Nayar culture and politics as well. Evidence of this breaking down of prior systems has been described as The expansion of trade, the introduction of new technological devices, and the opening up of new occupations, produce new economic classes between which there is mobility, and which to some extent cut across the affiliations and ranking of caste. (Gough, 1952, p. 81). Through the elimination of caste ranking, socioeconomic and sociopolitical class rankings no longer limit Nayar people from changing class levels and limits have become more aligned with performance and education. With the introduction of formal government, monetary systems, increased import and export as well as technological advances, the former Nayar methods of controlling the distribution of wealth, food and other trade labor as well as class distinctions have resulted in a more capitalistic society. Along with these changes, the Nayar people are increasingly integrating practices common in more advanced capitalistic and socialistic society forms of government, business, and family relationships. Gender Relations Anthropologists studying the Nayar society of southwestern India continue to struggle with defining certain aspects of gender relations in a western context. One such area of significant interest and difficulty is in contrasting Nayar marriage with marriage in western society and terms. While marriage may be seen by many as a cultural universal even in consideration of variations such as polygamy, the Nayar marriage purpose and experience is quite different from marriages in most other societies. Perhaps, such significant differences would be more understandable if a different term other than marriage was used to represent Nayar marriage. One example of the differences in Nayar marriages as stated by Miriam Koktvedgaard (2008) was that The Nayar of India practiced a form of non-fraternal polyandry in which several men were simultaneously the husbands of one wife. Usually only the first husband underwent a ritual marriage with the woman before she entered puberty (p.11). This cultural practice appears to be an extraordinary characteristic of the Nayar unlike most other marriage constructs. Not so much perhaps as a woman having multiple simultaneous husbands although rare, but having ritual marriages with a woman that has not reached puberty. In order to further elaborate on the marriage of girls that have not yet reach puberty, I should explain that Before a girl reaches puberty, a Nayar girl is married to a man as a rite of passage. The man she marries has no rights to the girl, and she has no obligation to him. When she is older, the girl is allowed to enter into other marriages and have children with those husbands. (Nowak, et al., 2010, ch 7.8, n.p.) Anthropologist suspect that by maintain a loosely committed marriage relationship with both men and women being sexually active with other mates or spouses, it allows men to stay away for long periods of time with little affect on the family system. Another characteristic of the Nayar gender relationship was with regard to the definition of the domestic unit or nuclear family in that The central Nayar domestic unit consisted of a mother, her daughters and their children; husbands and wife did not set up house together (Koktvedgaard, 2008, p. 11). While for some it may be difficult to show proper respect for the differences in marriage practices and to fully comprehend how the standard definition of a domestic unit that does not include a husband or father could exist, these are important distinctions remain. Interactions by an outsider with beliefs that differ from Nayar gender relations and beliefs could easily produce criticisms or a sense of condemnation which could quickly derail otherwise honest attempts at gaining progress or cooperation. It has been recognized however that the influence of British colonization and the exposing of criticisms and by force that the matrilineal change to patrilineal form of family organization has been made. Beliefs and Values Over thousands of years of considerable influence by mainstream religious faith denominations such as Christianity, Judaism, and Hinduism, the Nayar have been substantially un-phased in adopting one of the recognized religions. Evidence of the lack of adoption of a primary religion by the Nayar is stated as Nothing shows so much the extreme persistence of primitive culture, even in the face of higher civilising agencies, than the wide and almost universal acceptance of spirit-worship, and the almost entire absence of religious life among the Nayars after at least twenty centuries of contact with Hinduism Panikkar, (1918), p.277. While the Nayar do use Hindu temples for worship and ceremonies, the nature of these particular practices are not recognized under any Hindu creed or other religion for that matter. The Nayar belief in magic and spirit worship continues although they are recognized leaders in literature and music within their culture and subsequently would not be considered uncivilized. Another characteristic of the Nayar people is where they fit within a caste society. A caste is an endogamous social grouping into which a person is born and within which a person remains throughout his or her lifetime. It is an ascribed position. (Nowak, et al., 2010, ch 7.8, n.p.). Within these groupings, marriages and other interactions which were tightly controlled even forbid physical touch across caste. With the capitalistic evolution and exposure to western culture, the adherence too many of the cross-caste practices continue to see change. The impact on discussions or considerations concerning life, business or religion with Nayar people considering both the likely absence of common religious beliefs and belief in magic and spirit worship could be significant. Consider a Christian believer entering into discussion with a Nayar community by condemning Nayar core religious beliefs in hopes of collecting contributions for acquiring land for a new church. In this example, it is unlikely this approach would succeed given criticism of beliefs as a basis for support. If religious beliefs vary as significantly as I have described, what is valued is also in conflict. These differences would then become obstacles in coming together towards common goals if not taken into consideration prior to presenting a position introducing mutually beneficial outcomes in which both parties increase items or results of value. Conclusion The Nayar depended largely on rice for food and to a lesser extent vegetables, fish, and poultry. The formation and growth of families was largely relative to the amount of land they owned and the class of house. The ownership or family structure that developed as a result was more of a community or corporate type of ownership model which was significantly linked to the women and her side of the family in years past. The Nayar are heavily involved in politics and other forms of industrialized production observable by the number of local printing businesses while continuing their tradition of agriculture. In many ways, the Nayar people and culture has adopted many aspects of American and European culture. By gaining a better understanding of the Nayar political organizations, gender relations, and beliefs and values, people from other cultures will better understand and appreciate the cultural differences. This enhanced awareness will be beneficial in helping to offer solutions to problems in government, business growth, housing, and as other forms of industry are introduced or sought out.