Answer question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Answer question - Essay Example One key aspect of Christian struggle or Jihad is, show love to others and practice non-violence. Jesus said â€Å"Love your neighbor† and what’s more â€Å"love your enemies† as seen in Luke 6:27. Also Matthew 5:9 says blessed is the peacemaker. Therefore, Christians should struggle in fighting for peace and unity, even if one has to embrace sworn enemies. Similarly, the Quran demands that Muslims struggle against use of violence but make peace and speak well of others even if they are non-Muslims (Quran 17:53-54 and Quran 2:256). Another major element of Jihad in Christianity struggle is to ensure they do not pay back evil for evil as written in Romans 12:17. In a similar way Quran 4:9 asks Muslims to refrain from fighting back. Moreover, Christians should strive to eliminate evil in the society and from humanity. Many instances in the Bible such as in Exodus 22: 18-20, Exodus 32: 27-28 and Numbers 31:1-18 allows punishment of evildoers in the very harsh way Just like Jihad in Islam that aims at clearing evil in the society. Many other elements of jihad or struggle such as defending of faith, strive to keep doing good, to struggle for the later kingdom and life after death among other things as found in Quran are evident in the Bible. From above perspectives, jihad is an all religions phenomenon of struggling in battle against selfishness, godlessness and injustice. In essence, Muslims and Christians share a similar â€Å"Jihad†. That of love for humanity, searches for knowledge, non-violence and perfection of the souls (Considine

Experiential paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Experiential paper - Essay Example The purpose of the internship was to help develop my human resource skills while interacting with people in the profession. As an intern, I looked at the potential employee problems at the Saudi Arabia Royal Embassy and their functions, in technical skill, human skill, and conceptual skill. There are three basic management skills: technical, human and conceptual. A technical skill is the ability to use tools, techniques, and specialized knowledge to carry out a method, process, or procedure. (Higgins, p 13) An example of this would be the Naval Attach a position which advises on all things military, especially the royal navy, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, to the Ambassador and appropriate stakeholders, such as the United Nations or the United States of America. Another example, would be the computer programmer attach who needed the technical information systems skills to maintain the computer systems at the embassy - particularly critical - since support otherwise would be from a different and incompatible time zone and location to distant to provide onsite support. Human skills are used to build positive interpersonal relationships, solve human relations problems, build acceptance of one's co-workers, and relate to them in a way that their behavior is consistent with the needs of the organization. This is especially needed when there are vast differences in the cultures as is often the case in current globalizations of businesses and governments across the world. Conceptual skills involve the ability to see the organization as a whole and to solve problems in a way that benefits the entire organization. (Higgins, p 15) Analytical, creative and intuitive talents make up the manager's conceptual skills. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Royal Embassy The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is located in southwest Asia, at the crossroads of Europe, Asia and Africa; extending from the Red Sea in the west to the Arabian Gulf in the east; bordered on the north by Jordan, Iraq and Kuwait, on the south, by Yemen and Oman, and on the east by the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Bahrain. The terrain is varied; fairly barren and harsh, with salt flats, gravel plains and sand deserts; a few man-made lakes but no permanent streams; in the south, the Rub Al-Khali (Empty Quarter), the largest sand desert in the world; in the southwest, mountain ranges of over 9,000 feet. The climate is June through August, over 110 degrees Fahrenheit midday in the desert; humidity in coastal regions up to 100 percent; elsewhere, mild; possible winter temperatures in the northern and central regions dropping below freezing; rainfall, from none at all for up to 10 years in the Rub Al-Khali, to 20 inches a year in the mountains of Asir Province.The populate is as of the 2004 census, 22.7 million, including about 6 million expatriates. The practicing religion is Islam, which is the basis of the legal system and of government. Islamic state based on principles prescribed by the Qur'an (Islam's Holy Book) and the Shari'ah (Islamic law); Provincial Council System, Consultative Council (Majlis Al-Shura), and Council of Ministers. Arabic is the spoken language, however, English is widely spoken in urban areas. King

The Development Of Characterisation From Everyman

The Development Of Characterisation From Everyman Everyman is a medieval morality play believed to be written late in the fifteenth century (Worthen 2004: 236), while Six Characters in Search of an Author was written in 1920. The vast difference in time periods between the two plays suggests that the development of characterisation could also be vast. In Medieval times civilisation had reverted back to simplicity (Holland 2010), with plays typically involving the personification of moral or psychological abstractions, and single characters to represent society as a whole (Worthen 2004: 236). However, by the writing of Six Characters it was common for plays, like other literature, to penetrate the minds of their characters more deeply (Greer and Lewis 2004: 661), creating more complex and individualised characters. The idea of complexity is significant in comparing the characterisation from Everyman to Six Characters. While Everyman has a simple purpose to instruct morality to the masses, Six Characters has a more complex aim, as Pirandello uses his characters to raise questions that ultimately are left unanswered. Dillon suggests that Medieval theatre aimed to teach and improve its audiences (Rees 2010), therefore the characters in Everyman act as religious metaphors to clearly communicate morals to the spectators. It is apparent that the language of Everyman presents no great difficulties to an audience, and in fact the whole play follows a clear plot where the meaning is rarely in doubt (Allen 1953: ix). The audience see Death, that no man dreadeth (Anonymous 115), order Everyman to make the pilgrimage to death (Anonymous 146), who then struggles to find anyone to accompany him. In contrast to this fairly simple plot and aim, Six Characters questions the ideas of reality and illusion, using the characters to bring these issues to the foreground. The complexity of the play is self-consciously stated when the Producer says, if you can understand them [Pirandellos plays] you must be very clever (Pirandello 1.77-78), as they question the very play the audience are watching. As highlighted in a review of the play by the Manchester Guardian in 1925, the characters pose the question What is real? (Bassnett 1989: 44), trying to create their own vision of humanity (Bassnett 1989: 78). As Worthen suggests, the play makes the audience reflect in depth on reality and illusion, but is inconclusive in that it doesnt provide a final answer on whether it is the actors or characters in the play that depict reality (Worthen 2004: 687). The Son even states, I am a character who has not been fully developed dramatically (Pirandello 1.712-713), which again provokes ambiguity on characters identity. In questioning our identity by discussing how each of us is several different people in diff erent situations (Pirandello 1.642), it would be easy to suggest that the Father would provoke self-reflection in some members of the audience. The contrasting aims of the two plays therefore suggests the reasons behind Pirandellos arguably more developed characters than those presented in Everyman. Development of character could be gauged on a characters purpose in a play. As the purpose of Everyman is to teach morality to the audience, the characters are constructed as merely functional. Rather than acting as well-rounded characters that each have a different personality, many of the characters could easily merge into one. For example Fellowship, Kindred, Cousin, Strength, Discretion, and Beauty all come together to help Everyman, but then all leave him to undertake his journey alone. Most of these characters are therefore presented as kind and helpful, and then regress into cowardice at the end of the play, to represent that nothing can be taken with you in death except good deeds. There is no need for the characters to be complex with multifaceted personalities, as this could distract the audience and complicate the simple meaning of the play. Performed amongst other morality plays the audience should understand that the characters function to represent typical Christian lif e and to put across a moral message (Holland 2010). Six Characters could also be seen as using its characters for a functional purpose. The idea that the six protagonists are trapped for all eternity in one moment (Pirandello The Scene.304), and only exist to tell their own story could be intended to provoke thought on character in the audience. It also suggests that they are simply constructions of the play to perform their story, questioning whether they are well-developed. It would be easy to assume that as time goes on the characters that playwrights create become more individual and life-like. While this could be deemed correct in the idea that Everyman features characters that are based on abstract concepts, such as Knowledge and Good Deeds, and Pirandello presents human characters, this argument is a lot more complex than it appears on a superficial level. In both plays, the characters are named by the role they play in life, and act as we would assume them to according to this role; as what Wallis and Shepherd refer to as recognisable social types (Rees 2010). For example, the character of Everyman is presented to act as all humans do, and is therefore restricted to having general characteristic traits of mankind rather than individual ones (Holland 2010). He is simply guilty of the sins that humans generally make, for example when he states, All my life I have loved riches (Anonymous 388), and money maketh all right that is wrong (Anonymous 413). Here, Goods is portrayed as an evil character, representative of how in Christian belief, love of money is the root of all evil (Clarke 1823: 559), as he states, My condition is mans soul to kill (Anonymous 442), and laughs at Everymans misfortune. As well as these allegorical characters that act as metaphors for concepts (Allen 1953: viii), in Six Characters the metatheatrical theatre workers on stage are referred to as the roles they play in the company. Rather than having individual names, they are grouped together with titles such as Leading Actor, Young Actress, and Producer. Like in Everyman, the group of actors also act how actors are stereotypically portrayed to be; Worthen suggests the Leading Actor must always be acting the Leading Actor, whether he is onstage or not (Worthen 2004: 687). This applies especially to the Leading Actor and Actress, for example the Leading Actor is elevated in complaining, If the theatre, ladies and gentlemen, is reduced to thisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Pirandello 1.806-807), and the Leading Actress patronisingly orders, Put him in my dressing-room for me will you (Pirandello 1.36). Interestingly, when questioned about identity, the Producer replies that he is, the Director, the Producer Im in charge (Pirandello 3.107-108); rather than seeing himself as an individual personality he is defined by his job title. Personally, I define role as a character type that obeys stereotypical assumptions, while I see a character as being a created person who has individual characteristics and idiosyncrasies that represent themself. In this way I would class both the characters in Everyman and the actors in Six Characters as undeveloped roles, who behave how an audience would expect them to behave depending on their stereotypical features. While these characters are confined by their stereotypical labels and are therefore unable to develop fully, the six characters highlighted in the title of Pirandellos play are, ironically, the only ones who are portrayed to be individual, rejecting the stereotypes theyve been branded with. Though it is clear that the six characters have actual names, for example Amalia (Pirandello 2.90), on the stage and in the script they are referred to by their family roles, such as Father and Stepdaughter. In addition to the labels they are given in relation to each other, like t he characters in Everyman they are presented wearing masks, which are designed to give the impression of figures constructed by art, each one fixed forever in its own fundamental emotion (Pirandello 1.103). The six characters are therefore intended to be defined by both their family role and the emotion they represent, for example Remorse for the FATHER, Revenge for the STEPDAUGHTER, Scorn for the SON and Sorrow for the MOTHER (Pirandello 1.103). Looking at the characters with this perspective, they could seem as underdeveloped as the theatre workers and the concept characters in Everyman, as they are stuck in one moment and in one emotion (Worthen 2004: 686). However, Pirandello designs these characters with individual traits. While the Stepdaughter is presented as intent on revenge, and at one point resumes her previous position (Pirandello 1.463) as if she is in a fixed state, she is also portrayed as full of a warm tenderness for her younger sister (Pirandello 1.103). In terms o f character development, it seems that even though both plays suggest each character is fixed, or a stereotype, the six family characters in Pirandellos play are the most developed as they are the most individually unique, and they break away from the barriers they are constructed in. In the preface to Six Characters in Search of an Author, Pirandello stated that, Every creature of fantasy and art, in order to exist, must have his drama, that is, a drama in which he may be a character and for which he is a character (Bassnett 1989: 85). The essential drama of the six characters is to allow their secrets to be unfolded on stage, and therefore in doing this they can stand alone as characters. While the characters in Everyman were given no exposition so an audience can focus on the moral, the exposition and back-story for the six characters in Pirandellos play make them appear much more developed, and therefore real. The Father suggests a fact is like a sackà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ To make it stand up, first you have to put in it all the reasons and feelings that caused it in the first place (Pirandello 1.602-604). Likewise, to understand a character, to make it developed and more life-like, the audience needs to see its exposition. For example the Father reveals how he could nt bear the sight (Pirandello 1.464) of his wife because he felt sorry she was incapable of love (Pirandello 1.296), allowing the audience to understand why he sent the Mother away. These individual and detailed feelings show the development of character as he seems life-like, a life full of his own specific qualities (Pirandello 3.101-102). While the stock characters in Everyman could only be imagined in similar situations, such as giving moral advice, the six main characters of Six Characters seem to be alive in their own right (Bassnett 1989: 79), and the audience would have enough information about them to imagine them in scores of situations (Pirandello 3.157). The characters of Six Characters seem to be more developed and rounded than those in Everyman, but we can also explore which ones develop as the plays go on. The character of Everyman begins as a sinner, and gradually uses more religious language such as, O Gracious God (Anonymous 153) and high Judge, Adonai (Anonymous 245), to his realisation that he is worthy to be blamed (Anonymous 477) where he then confesses his sins. While his character does develop, we dont see any real thought processes that present an individual state of mind, therefore it is difficult to empathise with the character. On the other hand, while in Six Characters the Stepdaughter has been defined as a character searching for revenge, she begins the play a confident, teasing and attention-seeking character, and then becomes increasingly angry and intense, and we see her individual emotions laid open. Adriano Tilgher suggests the characters in Six Characters have souls (Bassnett 1989: 41), and are therefore devel oped and life-like in comparison to the inhuman concepts created in Everyman. How developed a character is can significantly affect the audiences reaction to a performance. A characters expositional background and complexity can make it easier for audience members to engage emotionally and empathise with them. It would therefore probably be easier to empathise with the family characters in Pirandellos play than the concept characters in Everyman. Morality plays often used masks to avoid empathy (Rees 2010), therefore Everyman would be successful in making the audience think about morality rather than be emotionally moved. Contrastingly, the development of characters in Six Characters in Search of an Author could help the audience emotionally engage, allowing them both to think and feel. Character development, therefore, can be subjective. While in Everyman the characters could seem like simple personifications, when interpreted by performers they could become recognizable as individuals on stage (Worthen 2004: 236), and they could be as complex as a performer wants them to be. The lack of stage directions in Everyman can give freedom to a performer, therefore enabling the characters to be made much more complex, while Pirandellos stage directions could restrict a performer to following the predetermined, fixed character traits. While it is straightforward to suggest that characterisation develops significantly from simple to complex from Everyman to Six Characters, it is debatable who the most developed characters are. All are given stereotypical labels, and while the protagonists of Six Characters seem to have more individuality than those in Everyman, if their reality is an illusion (Pirandello 3.72-73), are they actually complex? 2187 words

Sigmund Freuds Representation of Three Tall Women Essay -- Freud Psyc

A Deeper Understanding of Three Tall Women According to Sigmund Freud, psychoanalysis is a â€Å"procedure for the investigation of mental processes which are almost inaccessible in any other way† (Fodor and Gaynor 147). It becomes a deeper contrast of a person’s mentality to consider the design of â€Å"interplay† within the â€Å"urging and checking forces† of the conscious and unconscious (Fodor and Gaynor 147). Freud’s representation of â€Å"Three Tall Women,† relate the characters by the â€Å"neuroses that sometimes result from the suppression of memories and desires too painful to deal with† (Freud, â€Å"The Dependent Relationship of the Ego). While not completely opposing religion as a factor in the conscious and unconscious, Freud does claim that the â€Å"Oedipus complex is at the root of religious feeling† (Palmer 113); so the idea of religion is not based on the desire of pleasing a God with the basis of good vs. bad, but instead, according to Freud, i t is the sexual desires that come from being attached to a father figure. As characters B and C are introduced first as outside acquaintances, then as stages of character A’s past, the play is transformed into what may be perceived as Freud’s theory to the relation of the conscious and the unconscious, but could also be noted as the change a person undergoes throughout their lifetime in which religion, or the desire to maintain morality, is checked by outside influences. The interpretation, backed by Carl Jung, argues that â€Å"religion need no longer be perceived as a conglomerate of guilt ridden repressions and ritualized obsessions, but as a natural and legitimate dimension of psychic activity† (Palmer 113). When Freud’s argument is counterbalanced, it can be found that the interpretation F... ...ud may be correct on some terms, but the true unconscious desires do not come from a sexual want, but more from the want of a moral individuality, and characters C and B epitomize such a notion and deep understanding that exists in character A, but is challenged with the influence of society and the struggles of growing older. Albee, Edward. Three Tall Women. New York: Dramatists Play Service, Inc. Fodor, Nandor, ed and Gaynor, Frank, ed. Freud: Dictionary of Pychoanalysis. New York: Philosophical Library, 1950. Freud, Sigmund. Civilization and its Discontents. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1930. Freud, Sigmund. â€Å"The Dependent Relationship of the Ego.† Palmer, Michael. Freud and Jung on Religion. London: Routledge, 1997. Personality Theories: Sigmund Freud. Boerce, C. George.. 25 November 2007 .

Ftm 460 Exam3 Study Guide

FTM 460 Exam 3 Review (Chapters 10-13) 33 Multiple Choice Questions (3 points each). The majority of test questions come from Chapter 10 & Chapter 13. The least from Chapter 11. Chapter 10: The concept of measurement * Be able to recognize the 4 types of measurement scales: CHART 10. 4 in chapter ten slide six * Nominal: Scales that partition data into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories. Ordinal: Scales that maintain the labeling characteristics of nominal scales and have the ability to order data * Interval: Scales that have the characteristics of ordinal scales, plus equal intervals between points to show relative amounts; they may include an arbitrary zero point. * Ratio: Scales that have characteristics of interval scales, plus a meaningful zero point so that magnitudes can be compared arithmetically. * Define: Scale reliability: Degree to which measures are free from random error and, therefore, provide consistent data.The extent to which the survey respon ses are internally consistent. Cronbach’s alpha: Test-retest reliability: The ability of the same instrument to produce consistent results when used a second time under conditions as similar as possible to the original conditions. * Be familiar with the steps in the measurement development process (McDaniel’s diagram) Slide 3 CH 10. * Know the difference between a constitutive and operational definition of a given construct. Slide 4) * Constitutive: ambiguity is a direct function of the discrepancy between the information available to the person and that which is required for adequate performance of a role. It is the difference between a person’s actual state of knowledge and the knowledge that provides adequate satisfaction of that person’s personal needs and values. * Operational: Role ambiguity is the amount of uncertainty (ranging from very uncertain to very certain on a five-point scale) an individual feels regarding job role responsibilities and exp ectations from other employees and customers. Be able to distinguish between convergent vs. discriminant validity. * Convergent: The degree of correlation among different measures that purport to measure the same construct. * Discriminate: The measure of the lack of association among constructs that are supposed to be different. Chapter 11: Using measurement scales to build marketing effectiveness * Define: Semantic differential scale (10) , Likert scale–be able to recognize examples of each (12) Agree, Somewhat Agree, Somewhat disagree, Disagree.Chapter 12: Questionnaire design * Know the differences between the following types of question formats: * open-ended: Questions to which the respondent replies in his or her own words. * Probed vs Un-probed * closed-ended: Questions requiring respondents to choose from a list of answers * Dichotomous: Choice between two answers * Multiple Choice * Scaled Responses * What are the reasons for using screening: to identify qualifies res pondents and probing questions?When do we use branching? * Understand sequencing rules for laying out questions in a survey (i. e. , general questions first). Slide 16 * Screeners, Warm-up (Easy to answer questions show the respondent that the survey is simple), Transitions (Questions related to research objectives require slightly more effort), Difficult Complicated (The respondents has committed to completing the questionnaire), Classifying and demographic. Chapter 13: Basic sampling issues * Know the difference between a Probability: Everyone in the population has a known, nonzero, likelihood of selection (Simple random, Systematic, Stratified, Cluster) * Non-probability: Samples in which specific elements from the population have been selected in a nonrandom manner. (Convenience, Snowball, Judgment, Quota) * Know the difference between a sample and a population. (Population is the entire group of people about whom information needed; also called the universe or population of int erest. ) * Define: simple random sample: A sample selected by assigning a number to every element of the population and then using some method for randomly selecting elements to be in the sample such as random digit dialing * systematic random sample: A sample in which the entire population is numbered and elements are selected using a skip interval (every Nth name is selected * stratified random sample: A sample that is forced to be more representative through simple random sampling of mutually exclusive and exhaustive subsets either proportionally or disproportionally.Good for data that are not normally distributed. * Convenience sample: A sample based on using people who are easily accessible – such as mall intercepts or other high traffic locations. * Sampling error: Error that occurs because the sample selected is not perfectly representative of the population. * Be familiar with the McDaniel’s stages of a sampling plan * Define the target Population- Determine th e characteristics of those you are interested in studying.Determine which group of people or entities about which you want to learn more. * Choose the Data Collection Method- Determine how you collect the sample – such as mail, Internet, telephone, mall intercept, ect. * Select the Sample Frame- A list of population elements from which units to be sampled can be selected. * Obtain the Sample- Determine how you will get the sample list through probability or non-probability methods. * Determine Sample Size * Select Sample Units * Conduct Fieldwork

Pest: Investment and Insurance Industry Essay

PEST analysis (Political, Economic, Social and Technological analysis) describes a framework of macro-environmental factors used in the environmental scanning component of strategic management. Insurance is one of the service factor that are expected to continue to drive growth in the economy. Thus the insurance sector play important role in supporting economic ,social and technology development. Economical factor Interest rate at bank very much affect to insurance industry, because people always attract by higher return. Therefore, they do not prefer lower return policy. Unemployment also affects insurance industry, because the unemployment people will not have earning, so saving also affect to life insurance sector. Life insurance industry will directly affected by Earthquake, Monsoon, and Natural calamity. Because of these events turns into lots of death, so the life insurance companies have to pay claim against policy. Infant mortality rate and maternity mortality rate are also affecting to insurance. Typical consumer want luxurious product against low income, so that they prefer installment or annuity (EMI), so thatthey may not have extra saving to invest in life insurance. Social factor The population in the age group 15-55 is usually regarded as the insurable population, since this can be considered as the main â€Å"active† age group ( in the sense of working, earning and supporting others), and beyond this range life risk may be considered to be not worth insuring. On the other hand, people over the age of 50 rarely apply for fresh life insurance, mainly because in Malaysia the normal retirement age is around 55- 60 years. Also, a high percentage of the population in the lower income group does not remain â€Å"insurable† after the age of 50. A single respondent is less likely to purchase life insurance than a married respondent. Given that a married respondent is likely to have family members or dependents to care for, it is reasonable to expect that a married respondent is more likely to think and plan for his/her family members should an unfortunate circumstances fall upon him or her. Higher education is not a driver in the demand for life insurance. Although the higher educated individuals may understand and appreciate insurance more than the lower educated individuals, they may be ore interested in wealth management and wealth creation products than insurance. The higher educated individuals may view the new wealth management products as a more appealing way of managing their finances than insurance. Technology factor Internet as an intermediary , customer is not aware about the intrinsic value of insurance. Internet can be an effective medium for educating the consumers about insurance. It serves as a single window for disseminating product, process and procedural information to the consumers. Product development and target marketing through the Internet: with increase in the number of insurance companies there will be a need for market segmentation and subsequently product designed for each of them. In such a scenario Internet can be a effective channel for pushing product specific information to a particular market segment. Consumer feedback about a particular product as well as suggestions for different types or covers can also be generated through the Internet. For example, maintaining the database. The most important fact that is affecting the insurance industry is the marinating the database of the customers. The insurance industry having a huge list of the customers. In order to maintain it in manual format it is really the work of stupidity. With the change in time the computers has taken the work of this things. Thus with the development of the technology it has becoming possible to maintain such huge database very easily. A person can switch over to the computer and get the details of the customer very easily. Thus maintaining the database has really become easy due to the development in technology.

Alcoholism and its Effects essays

Alcoholism and its Effects essays Alcoholism is when there is a progressive, excessive inappropriate drinking of alcohol. Alcoholism is thought to come from a combination of a huge range of psychological, social, and genetic factors. Alcoholism comes from emotional and sometimes physical dependence, but the alcohol normally leads to brain damage or early death. Ten percent of adult of adult drinkers in the U.S. are considered alcoholics or they experience drinking problems to some extent. There are more male alcoholics than females here in the U.S. and some other North and South American Countries, but drinking among the young and women is growing more and more by the years. Alcohol has a toxic as well as strong effects on the body, and not being able to take care of nutritional and other physical needs during prolonged periods of excessive drinking may complicate the drinker, and in some cases hospitalization. The alcohol effects many major organs and include a wide range of digestive-system disorders such as ulcers, inflammation from the pancreas, and cirrhosis from the liver, and damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems can be permanently damaged. Delirium Tremens which are series of illnesses such as loss of appetite, mental confusion, hallucinations, extreme perspiration, tremors, heart failure, pneumonia, and respiratory infections; all of these illnesses usually result in death. Recent evidence shows that heavy and even moderate drinking during pregnancy can cause serious damage to the unborn child (fetus) such as physical or mental retardation or both. FAS, is a mild to severe mental and physical damage to the fetus is caused by the mother's use of alcohol during pregnancy. FAS affects about 1 to 3 in every 1000 births worldwide, and its the leading cause of mental retardation in the Western World. Kids with this horrible syndrome are sma ...

Philosophical Women Quotes

Philosophical Women Quotes If you like reading philosophical quotes, here are some great philosophical women quotes. Famous women leaders like Mother Teresa, Emily Dickinson, Golda Meir, Aung San Suu Kyi, and others have expressed their philosophical views. Their breadth of awareness and depth of wisdom is sure to leave you impressed. Mother Theresa, Social WorkerWe are all pencils in the hand of God writing love letters to the world. Virginia Woolf, British FeministIts not catastrophes, murders, deaths, diseases, that age and kill us; its the way people look and laugh, and run up the steps of omnibuses. Nancy Willard, American PoetSometimes questions are more important than answers. Emily Dickinson, PoetThe soul should always stand ajar, ready to welcome the ecstatic experience. Betty Friedan, Social Activist, The Feminine MystiqueThe problem that has no name- which is simply the fact that American women are kept from growing to their full human capacities- is taking a far greater toll on the physical and mental health of our country than any known disease. Jane Austen, NovelistShe had been forced into prudence in her youth, she learned romance as she grew older- the natural sequence of an unnatural beginning.Martha Graham, ChoreographerYou are unique, and if that is not fulfilled then something has been lost.Jennifer Aniston, American ActorThe greater your capacity to love, the greater is your capacity to feel the pain.Eleanor Roosevelt, ActivistWhen will our consciences grow so tender that we will act to prevent human misery rather than avenge it? Golda Meir, First Female Prime Minister of IsraelThose who dont know how to weep with their whole heart dont know how to laugh either. Abigail Adams, Second First Lady of the United States[in a letter to John Adams] Deliver me from your cold phlegmatic preachers, politicians, friends, lovers and husbands. Bette Davis, American actorOld age is no place for sissies. Mother Theresa, Social WorkerIf you judge people, you have no time to love them. Sara Teasdale, PoetI make the most of all that comes and the least of all that goes. Candace Pert, NeuroscientistLove often leads to healing, while fear and isolation breed illness. And our biggest fear is abandonment.Muriel Spark, Novelist, The Prime of Miss Jean BrodieOnes prime is elusive. You little girls, when you grow up, must be on the alert to recognize your prime at whatever time of your life it may occur. Aung San Suu Kyi, Nobel Peace Prize LaureateThe education and empowerment of women throughout the world cannot fail to result in a more caring, tolerant, just and peaceful life for all. Maya Angelou, WriterA bird doesnt sing because it has an answer, it sings because it has a song. Eleanor Roosevelt, ActivistThe future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams. Jane Goodall, English PrimatologistLasting change is a series of compromises. And compromise is all right, as long your values dont change. Rosa Luxemburg, RevolutionaryFreedom is always and exclusively freedom for the one who thinks differently. Mother Teresa, Social WorkerWe think sometimes that poverty is only being hungry, naked and homeless. The poverty of being unwanted, unloved and uncared for is the greatest poverty. We must start in our own homes to remedy this kind of poverty. Peace Pilgrim, PacifistPure love is a willingness to give without a thought of receiving anything in return. Gloria Swanson, American Actress[quoted in the New York Times] Ive given my memoirs far more thought than any of my marriages. You cant divorce a book.

Case study#1 Julia Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

#1 Julia - Case Study Example She then receives negative comments the following year on issues of being unfriendly and absenteeism in some faculty meetings. She is even interrupted in her conversations or ignored completely (Szybinski & Jordan, 2010, p. 4-6 & L. 1-99). Julia’s situation has to do with her positive attitude towards her new job, something that is not tradition in the department. Most of the faculty members are not motivated to apply for grants or get involved in research with students but Julia wants to make a difference. This is in accordance with the academic duty of a professor. This makes her colleagues feel like she is trying too hard to make an impression. The senior faculty then decides to put her down by ignoring her and giving negative feedback during review. They see her as unfriendly because she doesn’t exchange pleasantries with colleagues. She looks like she is alienating herself from the rest of the faculty members by no attending some meetings. Her situation is made worse when she does not involve herself with office gossip. This makes the seniors feel like she is being intimidating and rebellious (Cariaga-Lo, et al, 2010, P.19-22 & L. 1-98). Julia’s colleagues refuse to vote for her tenure because as they stated, she does not relate well with her colleagues. This however is much deeper than that. Considering that she has the best skills in research and worked for the benefit of the department, the seniors did not take this positively. The faculty feels that they are being undermined by a junior staff. They alienate her and use it against her during evaluation. Julia makes the situation worse when she decides to take matters in her own hands. She ignores her colleagues completely by closing her office door and only opening it during office hours. She makes it even worse when she decides to discuss her colleagues with other faculty members from other departments instead of taking her concerns to the department chair. This is

Feasibility study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Feasibility study - Research Paper Example The new business venture will be called Pizzeria Inn. It will be located at the northern Mexico. The new industry will, therefore, feature Dine in, Take Out and also Delivery services. Most economists and researchers agree that entrepreneurship is one of the significant ingredients for stimulating economic growth as well as offering job opportunities to the jobless members of all the societies. According to Jacksack & Start (2003), globally, successful SMEs have become the primary engines of job creation and poverty reduction in the marginalized communities. As a business entrepreneur, a business plan is the only tool which can help the small business expand. It is the road map an entrepreneur needs to follow in order to realize the set goals and objectives. It is, therefore, the initial step to a successful business venture. Any business entrepreneur should, therefore, provide a business plan which acts as a guide to the whole business process. The paper, therefore, endeavors to conduct a business plan for New Antoniou Pizzeria. The new business venture will target the middle income pizza in Sparks. Pizza inn is thought to be conveniently accessible to over 90,000 targeted market consumers in this region. This includes one of the most attractive market opportunities for this venture. The competitive analysis of the business venture has identified significant market place gaps to serve as the base for the industries competitive advantage. This business venture would help Mexican middle class residents around the beach as well as far residents who come to the beach to benefit from low priced delicious dishes which maybe could not have afforded from other huge restaurants. It would also help other entrepreneurs to venture in innovative business ventures hence gain the managerial and entrepreneurial skills needed to run such

Risk management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Risk management - Coursework Example It is for this reason that many organisations, especially corporate, have embraced the concept of risk management and are consequently developing capabilities to address it. A capable risk management structure is able to provide and maintain an organisation’s internal control and improve corporate governance. The commonwealth of Australia agrees that governance can be improved by managing risks effectively (Australian agency for international development [AusAID], 2005). Development of risk management capability also results in formulation of comprehensive enterprise risk management systems, which has been realised over time, contributes to the achievement of organisational goals (Casualty Actuarial Society [CAS], 2003). However, many organisations face various challenges in developing risk management capability, some of which will be discussed here. Since risks are inherent in all corporations in today’s dynamic world, the management has the mandate to overcome these c hallenges and ensure capable risk management structures are put in place to address organisational risks. Reasons for developing risk management capability Risk management capability is a means of providing internal control. Internal control and risk management are largely symbiotic concepts. ... In the context of ensuring an organisation meets its objectives, effective internal control utilizes risk management to cushions the organisation against external risks as well as protects it against risks generated from within the organisation that, if uncontrolled, would lead to the downfall of the organisation. According to the AusAID (2005), the benefits of risk management are manifold and traverse strategic, operational and technical levels of management. The AusAID (2005) notes that risk management systems inform and communicate the risks that a firm faces to the strategic management thereby enabling it to make effective plans to deal with potential risks and in so doing, avoid the huge expenses associated with tackling risk consequences and ultimately ensure better organisational performance. Similarly, technical operations utilize risk management knowledge to put in place measures to mitigate against risks and therefore activities run smoother and more effectively produce des ired outcomes. The AusAID (2005) further states that the internal control afforded by risk management capability helps the organisation minimize unwanted surprises (risks) by ensuring effective and efficient operations, proper financial accountability and reporting, and compliance with laws and regulations. This review therefore shows that risk management is crucial in the attainment of internal control’s goals. The continued existence of an organisation demands that it balances its external and internal environments. Gupta (2009) explains that the external environment comprises of entities that can affect the operations of an organisation yet are not

The War Against Boys Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The War Against Boys - Assignment Example The ideologies behind these types of feminism were first coined by Hoff Sommers in her famous writings. According to Sommers, gender feminism focuses on the interaction between the society and the cultural gender roles performed by women within the same social setting. On the other hand, equity feminism is associated with equal rights and equal treatment of women in the society. In its practical application, gender feminism has been labeled as bad feminism because it deals with the questioning of the fundamental rules of the society. On the opposite side, equity feminism is credited because it is occupied with the purpose of advocating and supporting the aspect of equal rights to every member of a society. The principles of gender feminism do not question the idea that women should stay at home and play their cultural roles. This type of feminism is only occupied with the aspects of equity and other legal issues. Contrary, gender feminism questions the ideas of cultural roles played by women within a social environment. It seeks to achieve cultural equity among women and men. At this juncture, we will focus at the equity feminism, which is the most dominant contemporary feminism at modern times (Rauchut 349).In every society, those individuals and groups fighting for gender equality con be heard complaining of numerous issues which they are not satisfied with. Therefore, equity feminists are constantly pushing forward their grievances to the relevant authorities for recognition.

Causal Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Causal Argument - Essay Example Some ladies turn to prostitution because of the company they join at their middle age. Others engage in this social evil because they want to overcome some sense of rejection they may have gone through. Prostitution has been used as a means of economic gain by some people while some others have engaged into it as a means to their own pleasure. Some countries have allowed the commercialization of sex, and they tax women who practice it. However, prostitution has faced a lot of criticism from many other people. Many people have indulged in some other evils to avert the criticism and stigmatization they have faced as prostitutes. Some of the prostitutes have resorted to drug abuse, which poses a serious health concern. The role of mentors in shaping the behavior of these women is questioned when they indulge in prostitution. In many cases women have resorted to prostitution as a result of constraints they have gotten in obtaining their based needs. When they are not supported at family level, these women tend to look for alternative sources of their needs’ satisfiers. Men assume the provider role to provide for the women. Mostly, this role is associated with entitlement to sexual right (Jewkes et al. 8). Women who get the provisions from these men feel that the best way to reciprocate the favors they receive is by giving sexual favors. Culture has shaped the mind of people so that they view the only way to respond to male provision as a woman is through sex. Culture has promoted the prostitution business for it has tagged a high value for exposure to sex. Many women that engaged in prostitution have said that they were victims of child sexual abuse. The urge that is in men for sex has driven women to be victims of this sexual business (Murphy 778). Prostitution has existed because of cultural factors that define gender relations. These relations have indicated unequal treatment to both men and women. According to International Labour Organization (12) women in Thailand preferred prostitution as a way to protect good women from rape. They saw that this acts as a means to avert men’s sexual power. According to study done in South Africa (Jewkes et al. 8), women engaged in prostitution because of the economic pressure they were going through. Women engage in sex for them to meet their material wants. Women conduct sex for material exchange to cater for their unmet needs. In South East Asians nations, many of the prostitutes are women who have either divorced or are single. The result is because in most of these nations women are the bread winners. The families in these areas are characterized by abject poverty. What resulted is that families break leaving younger ladies in their families. These families continue to depend on these young ladies who therefore resort to prostitution (International Labour Organization 12). In Russian area of Saratov, people who practice prostitution are not tolerated. Male residents of Saratov argue t hat women who engage themselves in commercial sex should not be shown any respect, understanding or even love. In South Africa, a group of men who responded to a research affirmed that the women who avail themselves for money are unworthy of respect. The results indicated that men who had sex with prostitutes have had at one time been engaged in a violent criminal activity. Prostitution continues to thrive as a business because men are paying for it. Although it is considered

Case assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case assignment - Essay Example We anticipate this norm by concluding that Michael Dellmon had a clear and succinct vision while starting his company. The characters of effective planning are evident in that Michael decided to avail developed strategies that he would complete by pursuing a low cost/price strategy. While availing the aspect of organizing the structure and management of a given companies the superior body requires to deal with human resources, finance and establishment of strategic priority within the organization. Contrary to management organization, a given entity needs to ensure that aspects like specialization, and division of work is done effectively and substantially so that certain goals are delivered professionally and within stipulated timeframe. The achievement established within Michael Computer Company is evident especially articulating that Michael decided to start his business with a small group of workers. ... Through Michael vision, we realized that for him to grow his business well, he would require to use cheap labor by outsourcing the manufacture of various parts of the computer to countries where there were highly skilled workers but they did not demand high wages. As the business grew, he developed a structure that described the various tasks and reporting relationships between the workers in the organization. Friend-Z’s management scenario Global producer’s works based on accepting lower profit margins that in turn increases competitive pressures that more so, leads to high production value added solution. However, in consideration of Friend-Z’s management we will anticipate various advantages and disadvantages of employing global competition norm. One of the advantages includes the rise of production level, provision of skilled labor that leads to effective services and products delivery and acquisition of customer’s preferences articulations. However, g lobal competition may lead to straining of economies of sales and high capital use setting up diverse and effective management to avail services on time and within customer’s preferences. The above articulated disadvantages and advantages are among the issue that Friends Z’s company looks forward to meet in its business processes. Moreover, for the Friends Z’s to go global in terms business growth and especially doing business in foreign country, political stability, history of business, market analysis, social services and preferences behaviors are some of the environmental factors that needs to be given priorities and looked upon. To become more successful, Friends Z’s needs to avail joint venture strategy since it become

Appraising the Research Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Appraising the Research Evidence - Essay Example Rapid Risk Assessment in Acute Hospital for Patients with Intellectual Disabilities Background to the Study Nurses that work with patients with intellectual disabilities are faced with various challenges. For instance, they are required to use evidence based practice while treating their patients. However, there is not adequate and clear research regarding evidence based practices for safety available to nurses. This brings up debates regarding practices that will ensure safety and quality care for people with intellectual disabilities. Nurses are required to check out current evidence based interventions that are suitable for treating these patients. Calls have also been made against using unfounded and pseudoscientific interventions to treat these patients. There is increased pressure on nurses to ensure their practices are based on sound evidence. Evidence based practice has gained influence as an approach to clinical decision making. As health care becomes more and more evidence based, nurses are required to be aware of the skills, resources and principles needed for evidence based practices (Kline et al., 2011). There are doubts regarding just how effective and applicable the results of evidence based treatments are to the general clinical application. Nurses continue to handle patients with complex life experiences and also those that have very severe intellectual disabilities. These stressful circumstances will undermine participation of treatment and can ultimately contribute to non-adherence to available treatment options (Read and Johnson, 2012). Advances in medical care ensure that life expectancy of individuals with intellectual disabilities approaches that of quite normal and healthy people. Severe intellectual disabilities are mostly accompanied by other medical conditions and physical disabilities. Health care needs of people with intellectual disabilities should, therefore, be met by mainstream health services. Highly skilled nurses are also req uired to work with these patients as they have a high intensity of health care support needs. Research conducted into this group of patients revealed some areas of concern. These areas include inadequate patient assessment as well as inadequate communication between nurse and patient. It is essential for nurses and patients to communicate effectively as this will help them understand their health needs and they will be able to prevent frequent admissions to hospital. Delivery of quality health care relies upon a series of interaction between a patient and clinician (Hart, 2010). Interaction will assist the clinician to make an accurate diagnosis and provide suitable treatment option. Each acute health care facility is required to conduct a proactive risk assessment using risk assessment tools. This provides avenues for identifying, reducing and prioritizing risks associated with patient safety. This enables clinicians to choose appropriate treatment options, therefore, reducing the chances of developing undesirable outcomes in patients. Health care is a high risk industry that is prone to serious errors. However, clinicians, through evidence based research, can reduce the chances of making medical errors. Commonly cited barriers to use of evidence based practices by clinicians include information overload, limited time, lack of research evidence as well as lack of skills

Case assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case assignment - Essay Example We anticipate this norm by concluding that Michael Dellmon had a clear and succinct vision while starting his company. The characters of effective planning are evident in that Michael decided to avail developed strategies that he would complete by pursuing a low cost/price strategy. While availing the aspect of organizing the structure and management of a given companies the superior body requires to deal with human resources, finance and establishment of strategic priority within the organization. Contrary to management organization, a given entity needs to ensure that aspects like specialization, and division of work is done effectively and substantially so that certain goals are delivered professionally and within stipulated timeframe. The achievement established within Michael Computer Company is evident especially articulating that Michael decided to start his business with a small group of workers. ... Through Michael vision, we realized that for him to grow his business well, he would require to use cheap labor by outsourcing the manufacture of various parts of the computer to countries where there were highly skilled workers but they did not demand high wages. As the business grew, he developed a structure that described the various tasks and reporting relationships between the workers in the organization. Friend-Z’s management scenario Global producer’s works based on accepting lower profit margins that in turn increases competitive pressures that more so, leads to high production value added solution. However, in consideration of Friend-Z’s management we will anticipate various advantages and disadvantages of employing global competition norm. One of the advantages includes the rise of production level, provision of skilled labor that leads to effective services and products delivery and acquisition of customer’s preferences articulations. However, g lobal competition may lead to straining of economies of sales and high capital use setting up diverse and effective management to avail services on time and within customer’s preferences. The above articulated disadvantages and advantages are among the issue that Friends Z’s company looks forward to meet in its business processes. Moreover, for the Friends Z’s to go global in terms business growth and especially doing business in foreign country, political stability, history of business, market analysis, social services and preferences behaviors are some of the environmental factors that needs to be given priorities and looked upon. To become more successful, Friends Z’s needs to avail joint venture strategy since it become

Explain the Muslim idea of Religious Authority Essay Example for Free

Explain the Muslim idea of Religious Authority Essay Revelations are the way in which we receive knowledge of God and this is done through the Holy Books. In the Christian tradition there is an understanding that the Bible is a medium of revelation (Prepositional view), this is where the truths recorded by God are recorded, there is also an understanding that revelation is the way in which God acts with human experience through history (non-prepositional view) In Islam religious authority comes from God via the Quran through the process of tanzil. The Quran tells them about God and gives them guidance this is the book in its guidance is sure without doubt. The Sunnah and the Hadith are also sources of authority. The Sunnah, which is the life example of the Prophet Mohammad, is a source of authority because he was a wise and trustworthy man who settled tribal disputes. The Hadith is also a source of authority because Muslims look to Mohammad because he showed true obedience to Allahs commands. The Imam also has authority, the Shiites believe the Imam possess spiritual ability and divine light but the Sunnis simply see the Imam as a leader of prayer who has no superior status. The Shariah is also part of religious authority because this is the Islamic law for Muslims and it gives all the basic rules and regulations as to how human beings should live and act in a political, economic, social and collective individual spheres. The Shariah looks at family life, inheritance, marriage, food regulations and divorce for example Muslims must eat halal foods, those that have been slaughtered by the neck vein being slit and blood drained whilst the name of Allah is invoked. Muslims follow the Shariah so that they are doing what is good and right according to God and removing evil from society, which works through the process of Greater and Lesser Jihad. Greater Jihad is about establishing maruf (right) and removing munkar (evil) from yourself A Muslim learns to control his own bad desires and actions. Lesser Jihad is the struggle of the Muslim community to remove haram from society. Evil will always exist in society and a Muslim must resist this by showing true dedication to Allahs commands. In Islam Allah is the main source of religious authority and to help Muslims to show they are showing their authority towards God, Muslims believe that Allah allows evil and suffering in the world to see if they do what is right. Muslims have free will and believe that everything is pre-determined and that Allah knows the present, the past and the future of every creature but this does not mean that man has and freedom of will, its just that they have the choice to obey or disobey Allah and that this will show on the day of judgement whether they will go to Heaven/ Hell because all their actions are judged. Religious authority from the Quran is seen to govern every aspect of life for example women in Islam are seen as the most important in the family. She is the one who should keep a halal home and to make sure food and dress laws are kept. The teachings of Islam is that women should have total equality in religion and education but they can never be fully equal, for example the husband has more power but with that comes a lot of responsibilities to perform The man has full responsibility for the maintenance of his family therefore a man has more inheritance than a womens because his need is seen to be greater. Through the 5 Pillars Muslims are seen to be showing obedience to Allahs commands this is because they are a very intense and personal struggle to abide by and through reading the Quran Muslims believe that it enhances there spiritual development because it is the word of God. They believe it is the pure word of God because it is seen to be a perfect copy of a timeless document. In Islam the Quran is more important than the Bile/Torah because they where seen to be distorted to suit their believing communities and the revelations in the Quran are believed to be recorded when Mohammad received them. The other basic beliefs of Islam such as Tawhid are also seen as authority. Tawhid implies that everything is created by Allah; it is the belief in Allah with all his powers. It is a source of authority because this is one way a Muslim fulfils Allahs commands as it reveals Gods loving and caring nature. From a non-religious perspective a philosopher would look to reasoning to emphasise human freedom to make moral choices. They would argue that all of humanity relies upon their conscience to decide what is right and wrong, and for many this authority does not come from God. However from a Christian perspective this higher level of consciousness comes from God. In Islamic terms we gain our conscious awareness from Quranic teachings about Akirah which gives us focus for this temporary life on earth, from taw hid which reveals the qualities of God that we should aim to develop in our own hearts (such as love and compassion), and Al Qadr which ultimately points to a pre-determined path which only God knows about he does not dictate.

Substance Misuse Prevention: Needle Exchange

Substance Misuse Prevention: Needle Exchange PDG A single type of prevention or intervention strategy with regards to substance misuse. The needle exchange The UK currently has an ambiguous and sometimes conflicting set of policies with regards to some issues surrounding drug use. In the words of Rice, the UK has: an uneasy consensus of conflicting forces, opinions and positions that have shaped the whole legislative framework and surrounding issues that govern the way that we, as a society, deal not only with controlled drugs, but the problems that they cause directly and that are associated with their use. (Rice et al 1991) If one considers the various ways in which this â€Å"consensus† has evolved over the last few decades, one could suggest that there is a clear dichotomy between those who feel that the way forward is through dual mechanisms of enforcement and prohibition (sometimes referred to as the illegalisation movement), and those who believe that systems employing legislation, harm reduction, empowerment and education comprise the rational way forward. Both parties appear to believe that their mechanism is the only way to protect society. (Holmberg SD 2006) Holmberg’s view is further strengthened with an examination of recent events. The illegalisation movement has been demonstrated to be largely ineffective in countries where it has been employed on a large scale (viz. USA) (NSDU 2004). The harm reduction movement, considered by some to have a defeatist doctrine, accepts that drug use will still occur despite the imposition of the most draconian measures and therefore aims to reduce the potential levels of damage associated with drug use. (Reinaman Levine 2004) To summarise the thrust of Fordham’s work, it is often the case that when there is multi-agency involvement in decision making and government by committee, we arrive at a collective consensus of varying opinions that get amalgamated into some form of legislative framework that allows both the opposing factions to equally claim both victory and also to point to deficiencies in the scheme where they can manage to abdicate responsibility when it does not work effectively. (Fordham, F et al. 2007) If one considers the specific concept of the needle exchange, then this can be assessed on a variety of levels of differing complexity. At the most simplistic level, it is a mechanism of harm reduction. Bulmenthal documents the fact that IV drug abusers can go to extraordinary lengths to continue their habit if their equipment is confiscated thereby exposing themselves to illness transmission risks by sharing needles. (Bluthenthal R N et al. 2005). The Des Jarlais paper putting forward the premise that if they are going to persist in injecting then it should be in the safest manner possible. (Des Jarlais et al 1995) On a more complex level there are some that suggest that providing a needle exchange increases IV drug use. Such views are not based on available evidence. The Aggleton paper demonstrating clearly that syringe exchange centres, with access to clean and sterile equipment, neither increases the incidence of drug use, nor does it increase the frequency of injection of confirmed users (such factors are demonstrably far more dependent on the local availability of the drugs (CDCP 2002)) . More importantly, neither do they increase the number of new converts to drug injection (UNAIDS 2003) (Aggleton. P 2000) Arguably a more important consideration of a needle exchange is the potential benefit for improvement in the general health of the user (and some would argue in the Public Health). The Gostin study shows that use of a needle exchange implies contact between user and healthcare services who have the ability to place the user in contact with those services best suited to reduce high risk activities. (Gostin et al . 1997). This is also relevant in consideration of the fact that the majority of drug abusers have at least one associated pathology (viz. mental illness, physical illness or other social pathologies). Because they will typically be a highly mobile and itinerant population, these individuals are easily lost to any type of organised healthcare follow up or intervention. The needle exchange can act as an opportunity to intervene to try to assist the user deal with their problems. The simple provision of needles represents a lost opportunity in this respect. There are two other important elements relating to the needle exchange. By protecting an addict form HIV/AIDS one is also protecting their sexual partners from exposure. The second (often cited) element is one of cost. Needle exchanges are comparatively cheap to run and this must be compared to the social and financial costs of not running them. Aggleton concluded that each syringe exchanged cost 18p. This equates to  £13 per case of HIV/AIDS prevented. Compared to a lifetime of healthcare costs for a single HIV/AIDS case, the savings to society are incalculable. (Aggleton P 2000) References Aggleton. P. (2000) UNAIDS, Report on the Global HIV/AIDS epidemic, June 2000; quoted in Success in HIV Prevention,. UNAIDS Best Practice Collection. Geneva, UNAIDS. 2000 Bluthenthal RN, Kral AH, Erringer EA, et al. 2005, Drug paraphernalia laws and injection-related infectious disease risk among drug injectors.  Journal of Drug Issues. 2005 Vol.6 CDCP (2002) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: HIV/AIDS Surveillance report 2002 : 14 Des Jarlais DC, Hagan H, Friedman SR, et al. (1995) Maintaining low HIV seroprevalence in populations of injecting drug users. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1995; 274 : 1226 1231. Fordham, F Jones L , Sumnall, H McVeigh J Bellis M (2007) The economics of preventing drug use An introduction to the issues National collaborating centre for drug Prevention for the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence HMSO: London 2007 Gostin L O, Lazzarini Z, Jones T S, et al. (1997) Prevention of HIV/AIDS and other blood-borne diseases among injection drug users: a national survey on the regulation of syringes and needles. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1997; 277 : 53 62. Holmberg SD. (2006) The estimated prevalence and incidence of HIV in 96 large US metropolitan areas. American Journal of Public Health. 2006; 86: 642 654. NSDU (2004) National Survey on Drug Use and Health: 2003 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration. HMSO: Sept 2004: Reinarman, C., Levine H G. (2004) Crack in the Rearview Mirror: Deconstructing Drug War Mythology. Social Justice 31 (2): 182 199 Rice D P, Kelman S, Miller L S. (1991) Estimates of economic costs of alcohol and drug abuse and mental illness, 1985 and 1988. Public Health Reports. 1991; 106: 280 92. UNAIDS (2003) Fact sheet High-income countries’. WHO Publication 2003 Internet shopping: Impact on consumer behaviour Internet shopping: Impact on consumer behaviour Electronic commerce is becoming increasingly important to both corporations and individuals as a result of the dramatic development of technology and the emergency of a global economy. The expansion of the usage of the Internet by organisations and people is one of the main contributors to the development of e-commerce in terms of e-shopping, electronic business and internet commerce. Studies have shown that by the middle of the 1990s internet based services had rapidly emerged in usage and coverage leading to their application and deployment in the creation of a new method of shopping, (Wiggins, 1995). Thus online marketing has become vital to new e-commerce and traditional offline companies in order to take advantage of these new technologies. However the essential ingredient of marketing and business generally is the satisfaction of customers needs hence a full understanding of consumer behaviour in terms of internet shopping is a critical success factor for any company making use of it as a form of doing business. Consumer behaviour is complex and can be described as a dynamic interaction between affect and cognition, behaviour, and environmental events, (Blythe, 1997). Due to the new characteristics of the global economy it has been contended that customers value immediate responses to their demands in terms of goods and information. A demand which technology based e-commerce is arguably able to meet. Therefore it is useful to explore the main determining factors on customers choice of e-retail site. Additionally research has revealed that consumer acceptance of e-shopping in the UK is much higher than in many other European countries (Forrester Research, 2000). Literature also suggests as do previous studies that young educated people constitute a principal demographic engaging in online shopping. This research focuses on university students following other studies in arguing that they represent the principal demographic of online shoppers but also includes a sample representing other demogr aphics in order to comparatively analyse behavioural patterns for shopping online between different groups. Due to the nature of internet there are critically problems related to shopping online the major ones suggested as being security and privacy problems. These originate and are due not only to the deficiencies inherent within Internet and e-commerce security but also as a result of customer distrust of such measures as a result of perceived inadequacies with procedures, (Panko, 2001). Yet even with these problems online shopping has grown exponentially therefore an interesting interaction must be occurring between consumer behaviour and these factors, an interaction this research proposes to examine and analyse. Research suggests that online sellers have made successful efforts to increase customers confidence and usage of shopping online through the improvement of security performance and privacy protection. Companies like eBay and Amazon.com illustrate successful examples of e-shopping which are argued benefit from a successful brand building strategy increasing customer loyalty. As a result it is suggested that online shopping has become and will continue to become a full and effective business model, (Black, 2005). However this depends to a large extent on the development of technology as well as effective marketing. This research then aims to examine consumer perceptions of business innovations and the nature of business innovations in terms of technology and marketing to altering these perceptions and behaviour resulting out of these perceptions. This project makes use of both qualitative and quantitative methods aiming at triangulating the research factors involved to provide useful data for analysis of relevance to the objectives listed above, (Gummeson, 2000). The research is divided into four phases. The first element is a literature review and analysis of secondary data forms dealing with both theory as it applies to online shopping, various business practices in terms of the environmental conditions of online shopping and general theories dealing with consumer behaviour, (Ghauri, 2005). The aim of this section in furtherance to reviewing literature in the area is to establish patterns of congruence within theoretical literature not directly concerned with online shopping. An initial questionnaire will be conducted with a sample of 300, 250 of whom will be randomly selected from a university campus and 50 from local city centre. The questionnaire is aimed at gathering descriptive data of use in modelling behavioural patterns while shopping online. An initial control question identifying those persons who have bought goods online will help identify a representative sample of consumers who are of relevance to the objectives of the research. The data from this will be analysed for recurring themes, issues of differences and similarities in behavioural patterns between students and other demographic groups and some common behavioural indicators for shopping online which in turn form the base of the investigation to be carried out in the ensuing qualitative research. In terms of qualitative data collection three focus groups will be held, each with 8 participants. The first two focus groups will be sampled from the 250 university student participants in the questionnaire who expressed willingness towards further participation in research. The third focus group will be drawn from the 50 non-student demographic and if necessary the sample will be supplemented through advertisements in local media and outlets. From the 24 participants in the focus group it is hoped that six participants two from each focus group will accept an invitation to participate in an interview to explore in more detail the issues arising from the questionnaire and the issues raised in the focus group sessions. It is obvious that the research may take up a certain amount of participants time and thus a flexible schedule for the interviews as well as inducements in the form of online shopping vouchers will be used to assist in increasing the response rate to these parts of the research. The primary focus of the semi-structured interviews is to follow up on specific themes highlighted in the previous forms of research and also allow time for the respondents to discuss freely and offer their insights into the relevant issues raised by the research so far, (Silverman, 2004). To conclude it is expected that this combination of research methods will yield fruitful and insightful data relevant to the objectives of the research. In particular the triangulation achieved through the supplementing of descriptive quantitative data with exploratory qualitative data will it is hoped illuminate specific interactions between theories from the literature and practice in day-to-day patterns of behaviour for online consumers and further explain specific and general elements particular to UK consumers.

Interview With A Marine :: essays research papers

The Few the Proud and the The Brave. Timothy Durham A corpral in the United States Marine Corps Considers himself to be a example of what the Marines exemplify. "I am a Marine to the heart 100%." Timothy joined the Marines at the age of twenty three, in search of a better lie for both himself and his daughter. He felt like the Marines would be the best route to not only developing him into manhood but also providing him with the best "possible benefits". "I wanted To be a better person and open up doors of oppurtunity for myself. I wanted to provide for my family, buy a house and be able to live comfortably.What better way then to serve my country." During his four years in the Marines Timothy has traveled throught the United States and around the world to Japan, Australia, Korea, Panama and the Phillapines. In Addition He has recieved numerous certificates of commendation for going above and beyond. Because of being such an outstanding Timothy and 13 others from his squad were invited to preform in the Australian bicentenial parade to preform military drills. But despite his accomplishments What does it mean to be a Marine? "Discipline, heart, Attention to detail and pride"are all qualities that Timothy feelsare nessacary to being a Marine.The Marines are the toughest branch of the military. They break you down and build you back up. It requires strength, endurance, and determination. Everyone is not tmade for the Marines because it is both a physical and mental challenge. You have to be able to take instruction and follow them apprioatley. You have to me Marine quality." A day as a Marine is very extensive. A Marines day begins at 4:30 am. Physical Training starts at 5:00 am and last for an hour. Immedialy following is morning formation a brief explanation of the days activity as well as morning attendance. Wheter on the field or in the classroom military training begins at 7:00 am. This a basic insturction class which last 5hrs and teaches skills for combat. Lunch last about 40 mins and is followed by another shower. Then comes field training a basic overview of the skills learned in the classroom. Next, is weapons cleaning. Company formation begins at 4:00 pm. This is a marching drill exercise that teaches marching skills. The Squads day comes to a close after dinner with liberty or free time.

Language, Action and Time in Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot Essay

Language, Action and Time in Waiting for Godot Twenty-two hundred years before the emergence of the Theater of the Absurd, the Greek philosopher Artistotle stumbled upon one of the themes developed in Samuel Beckett's play Waiting for Godot; that is, that Thought (Dianoia) is expressed through Diction and that Thought (Theoria) is in itself a form of Action (Energeia). Intellectual action is thus measured equally in comparison to physical action. Over the centuries, theories regarding thought, action and language have evolved considerably, but certain underlying themes in Beckett's unconventional work can trace their origins back to Aristotle's original concepts concerning drama, namely the relationships between language, thought and the action involved in contemplation. Aristotle proposes that Thought and Diction imitate Action. In Beckett's Waiting for Godot, it is possible to see a similar pattern (that when taken a step further is no longer linear but circular), in which Language permits the existence of Thought which in turn becomes vicarious Action. (Ironically, this whole process which is portrayed by Beckett on-stage is equivalent to the art of theater itself which, manifested through language, permits the audience offstage, whose witnessing of a play replaces imagining it, to undergo the same process in acting vicariously through the characters.) The first and more interesting part of the process is best illustrated by the ending of both acts when Vladimir, and then Estragon, says "Yes, let's go" and the stage directions indicate "They do not move". It suffices simply to say and subsequently to think of leaving, for there is no more meaning in the vicarious action than in its actual physical manifestation. ... ... Vladimir who comments about the condition of Estragon's feet: "There's man all over for you, blaming on his boots the faults of his feet." The boots represent god, for each is an external object that man contrives to protect himself. Beckett is saying that man should not blame the devices that he creates when they fail to protect him from himself, but should rather accept the responsibility for their failure as he is the creator of those devices. If god does not fill man's existential void, instead of hopelessly waiting for that unreliable god to come and rescue him, he should consider looking to himself to resolve the problem of the meaninglessness of his life. Bibliography Aristotle. Poetics. Tr. S.H. Butler. New York: Hill and Wang, 1977 Beckett, Samuel. Waiting for Godot. New York: Grove Press, 1954 Durozoi, GÃ ©rald. Beckett. Paris: Bordas, 1972

Paleolithic life

Paleolithic rock art: People left their hunting records, drawings of their culture and experiences on cave walls with bright colors, some of which have been preserved up to today. Also, Paleolithic people made small statues or carvings out of stone, of figures such as Venus figures. In addition, although It may seem Like art to modern world, they used stone tools to hunt and gather. 1.Venus figurines : In places all over the world, from Europe to Russia, figurines of women have been found, They were carved out of stone, antlers, and deferent trials, but similar in shape, a figure of a women with exaggerated figures. They suggest ancient societies having or worshipping a women goddess, as well as indicating that there may have been communication across lands. 1. Dermatome: In Paleolithic Australia, there were aboriginal people called the Dermatome. They had complex and developed stories on the world, as well as rituals which included their people got to their current location.Their ou tlook on life was based on historical events that took place; all nature was a sense of mirror image to their past events. Also, they had communication with various other groups/isosceles over a large area of land, exchanging tools, drugs, cultures, and ornaments. 1. Clevis culture: The Clevis people were bands of people scattered all over North America. They were considered one of the first people of America, mostly killing large animals such as bison and mammoth, living along mostly water. Some artifacts suggest that although they were distributed far apart, they may have had some form of communication between the people. . Managerial extinction: It was the extinction of large animals, such as the mammoth, some species of horses, and camels. Many experts' theory is that the extinction was caused by change in climate; when the Ice Age ended, temperatures rose and humidity fell. Others say that the Clevis people might have hunted the animals down to extinction, which eventually lead to the wipe out of themselves. 1. Stationeries migrations: The migrations of the Stationeries speaking people were one of the last migrations to take place In the human history. As It was mostly migrating along the pacific ocean, they used canoes for transportation.The result was migration to the Philippines, Madagascar, Hawaii and etc. Contrast to the other gyrations, since it was waterborne and hunting – gathering would not be available on the Journey, these people were already living In an agricultural environment before they migrated. 1. â€Å"The original affluent society: Because many of the Paleolithic people were living basic necessities. Different to what we think today, Paleolithic societies seldom had more freedom and leisure time as they worked less than the hours required for farming and maintaining a flock of sheep. . Shamans: Paleolithic people had cultures where they had ‘ceremonial' spaces, connecting them , or separating them from their ordinary life . These ceremonies/ rituals were usually held in deep caves. Although there were no full time religious leaders of specialists, there were shamans who were believed to be skilled with dealing the spirit world. 1. Paleolithic settling down: Changes begun? Began? To take place mostly as the ice age began to end. Tools became smaller and more precise, people began to collect wild grains which led to surplus in food.Also, some tribes/societies settled down and started to store and preserve goods, which led to even more surplus in food. As food abundance occurred, populations rose and villages grew as well. Up until then, most truckers in society had been fair and equal, but the surplus and diversion of Jobs led to inequality. 1 . End of the last Ice Age: As Ice Age came to an end and climates warmed, Paleolithic life changed to Neolithic life ( meaning new stone age). Populations grew, villages settled down, and humans began to change nature, selecting what they needed.Coincided with th e migration of homo sapiens, this eventually led to the Agricultural Revolution. 2. â€Å"Broad spectrum diet†: Living as hunter gatherers for thousands of years, people eventually gained knowledge about the nutrition they needed in order to survive healthily. Somewhat similar to modern times, people learned to eat both big and small animals, the various uses of plants, and so on. Although the â€Å"broad spectrum diet† was not particularly developed in the Neolithic era, it became useful for future reference.Furthermore, researchers suspect that this led to the gender roles, as women were more of the gatherers, they had more knowledge about diets and nutrition, which led them to farm in an agriculture society. 1. Fertile Crescent : The fertile crescent is modern day southwest Asia (Iraq, Syria, Israel, Palestine, Turkey). The land had abundance in the species of plants and animals, which were mostly easy to domesticate. A period of dry and cold weather led to hardship in farming/gathering plants, which eventually was the turning point to agriculture when people started to domesticate animals.Although the fertile crescent was a packed area at first, later people began to scatter as population increased and soil erosion occurred due to over farming. 1 . Testing : Testing is a pre- genetically modified ancestor of corn ( with a lot less cob than we know it), it is a form of mountain grass that was grown in the Americas. Testing was like the cereals of the fertile crescent, except it had less nutrients. Therefore, it became more altered by humans to provide all the protein. Theory that gradually, through plants and animals' migrations, farming spread out to other areas.Opposing to the other theory where humans were the main cause for the expansion of agriculture, diffusion suggested that it was more of an indirect act. 1 . Bantu migration: The Bantu speaking people migrated east and south within Africa. Along with themselves, they migrated with the act of agriculture, their cattle, ironwork, and culture such as languages. Because they were one of the primary Neolithic people, with their migration came diseases to those who had never been in intact with domesticated animals, driving out natives, and killing them. A similar migration would be the Australians'. . Peoples of Australia : Not everyone was keen on the change in lifestyles, Australia went back to hunting- gathering after being introduced to agriculture. Some reasons for that might have been the fact that the area was simply not suitable for agriculture, or that the land was naturally plentiful agriculture would actually be less beneficial. 1 . Banjo: In China, there was an agricultural organization settlement called Banjo. They grew rice, pigs, and dogs. Also, they lived in houses, had storage for surplus food, kept an area for either social or military activity.They revealed to modern researchers the use of pots and textiles; the remains shows that they produced dish es, pots, cloth and textiles. 1 . â€Å"Secondary products revolution† : As people became familiar with domestication, they found more uses for 1 . Pastoral societies: In regions where farming was less beneficial than herding or domesticating animals, societies relied on pasturing/herding/or nomads to sustain their lives. Areas such as the arctic tundra, grasslands and deserts were lands where people were more dependent on the animals, which differed by the region.Although not all of the pastoral societies were against the agricultural people, there are references, like the bible, which indicate conflict between the two. 1 . â€Å"Catafalque† : Catalytically is an early civilization in southern Turkey. People lived in dirt houses, which were stacked on top of the dead. There were no roads in this village, instead people tended to walk on roofs, and entered the houses through them. Unlike most Neolithic villages where some form of discrimination or social statuses exist ed, Catafalque barely had any, and had less gender roles than others.Although women were more related to agriculture and men to hunting. 1 . â€Å"Stateless societies†: Stateless societies were cultures or societies that were familiar with formal organizations, however, they chose not to select politics. However, they were in contact with neighboring societies, including their religious practices amongst the ruling. Inherited, however, they could rarely dictate over the village. Instead, they trusted their followers [villagers. They also held a religious status, leading important rituals and ceremonies. Organizing the village, the chief maintained his status.

Auditory System

The world contains all kinds of energy that translates into information about what we see, hear, smell, touch and taste. A sensory system is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing specific sensory information. The components of a sensory system include sensory receptors, neural pathways, and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception. To begin, energy from the environment stimulates the receptor cells in whichever sense organ is being used. If this information were auditory, the ear would convert sound waves in the air into electrical impulses that would further be interpreted by the brain as sound.A sound wave first enters the pinna, the fleshy part of the ear on the outside of the body. It then travels through the external auditory canal where it then meets the eardrum, a thin membrane in the outer ear. The eardrum then vibrates in response to the sound wave. What we hear will depend on the wavelength and frequency of the wave. The eardrum is connected to a group of three small bones call â€Å"the ossicles† in the middle ear. This group includes the malleus, incus and the stapes. These three bones, the smallest in the human body, protect the eardrum from more intense sounds and also deliver the vibrations to the base of the stapes.The stapes then sends the vibrations into the inner ear and interacts with the round window. The round window, a small membrane that allows liquid inside the inner ear to be displaced and receive the vibration. The vibration travels through the spiral structure of the inner ear called the cochlea and ends at the round window. Inside the cochlea there are three canals: the scala vestibuli, the scala media and the scala tympani. The scala vestibule leads up to the apex of the cochlea, the scala tympani leads down to the round window and the scala media sits in between the other two canals.All of these canals are filled with fluid and are separated by two different membranes; Reissner’s membrane a nd the Basilar membrane. Both of these membranes are flexible and respond to the vibrations traveling through the scala vestibuli. The movements of the membranes then send the vibrations down the scala tympani. A structure called the Organ of Corti, which is situated on the basilar membrane, becomes stimulated as the membrane vibrates and sends nerve impulses to the brain. Within the Organ of Corti are a group of specialized cells called hair cells, which are covered by the tectorial membrane.As the basilar membrane vibrates, the hair cells are bents and push up against the tectorial membrane. This causes the hair cells to fire and send nerve impulses to the auditory cortex on each of the brains hemispheres through the cochlear nerve. How we determine pitch can be explained with two different theories. The Place Theory states that the entire basilar membrane does not vibrate at once so different parts of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies of sound. Lower frequency sounds vibrate the basilar membrane near the apex of the cochlea while higher frequency sounds produce vibrations closer to the base.The Frequency Theory states that the frequency of firing matches the frequency of the sound wave. Hearing loss can occur for a number of reasons. Damage to the eardrum due to age and prolonged exposure to loud noise may cause the hairs or nerve cells in the cochlea to wear out and become less effective. A buildup of earwax can block the ear canal and prevent of sound waves from entering the eardrum. Otosclerosis, a genetic form of hearing loss in which the stapes is fixed in place so sound cannot enter the inner ear.

Grotesque Characters

Brittany Luckey Mr. Clements American Literature 21 March 2013 Grotesque Characters What is a grotesque character? In literature, a character or location that is irregular, extravagant or fantastic in form. When used as a device, the purpose is often in the style of expressionism, making the grotesque a parody of human qualities or a distorted reflection of a familiar place. In many ways grotesque characters have some kind of problem in society, and example would be a veteran who lost a limb in war and trying to fit back into society, or anything that we see as not normal in our society.Characters in this particular subject can be deformed, obsessed, or in our terms just not normal or right. Another definition of a grotesque character is characterized by ludicrous or incongruous distortion, as of appearance or manner. Flannery O’ Connor, Angela Carter, and Carson McCullers all experienced uses with grotesque characters whose works can be seen with characters who are deformed, disfigured, or social outcasts. What elements make up grotesque characters? One element of the narrative that is a character can be irregular, extravagant or fantastic in form.A grotesque character may possess a exaggerated personality trait or characteristic for the purpose of eliciting both empathy and disgust in the reader. In Flannery O’ Connor’s stories she uses two different types of grotesque characters. One type of characterized grotesque characters are called â€Å"physical grotesques† and the other type of grotesque is called â€Å"secular grotesques. † Two characters in particular are Mrs. Crater and Mr. Shiftlet; they are both grotesque characters, because they are both ruled by obsession. Mrs. Crater’s obsession is trying to marry off her daughter, and fails to see the character flaws of Mr.Shiftlet who cheats and lies. He uses Mrs. Crater for her money, Mr. Shiftlet is obsesses with morality and that makes both these characters grotes que, because their obsession rules their lives. Mrs. Crater’s obsession is trying to marry off her daughter, and fails to see the character flaws of Mr. Shiftlet who cheats and lies. Mr. Shiftlet is obsesses with morality and that makes both these characters grotesque. (â€Å"The Life You Save May Be Your Own†). Why are grotesque characters so popular in the Modernist movement and the Southern Gothic movement?In Southern Gothic literature grotesque characters are used to portray deeply flawed characters. Grotesque characters allow a talented writer to exaggerate their writing making it longer and believing it made their writing better. Grotesque characters can also help with unpleasant aspects within society without making it to church-like. McCullers used grotesque characters to bring about the truths of the human society. In the Modernist movement grotesque characters were used to describe the aberration from ideal form, it helped to create misshapen, ugly, or formle ss characters.In Modernism they are characterized by the qualities they lack such as fixity, stability, order, and sometimes even sanity. Writers in this period used grotesque characters to shape the history, practice, and theories in the nineteenth and twentieth century’s. What type of effect does a grotesque character have on a story? In Angela Carter’s story (John Bowen par. 1-5) they dominate, they are not beautiful, they tend to be dirtier than they clean. The main characters are Honeybuzzard, Morris, Ghislaine, and Emily. Honeybuzzard is the prettiest, but she is selfish, cruel and a killer.They are used in a lot of gothic writing to improve, and interest and keep the reader in the book. They affect the book in many ways such as people not wanting to be around them. They normally have problems such as obsession, missing limbs, mental illnesses, or just not right in physical appearance. They stand out from other characters in a story, because of how they look or h ow they act. They are also known as outliers. Grotesque characters face many problems in society or wherever they live, because people judge them for how they look or how they act.How does this story characterization add or subtract from the story? These types of characters give the story a mix of fear, abnormality, and it causes the reader to want to keep reading, and not put the book down. They can subtract from a story by having a book full of grotesque characters and the book becomes less interesting to a reader, because there is nothing happening except a group full of deformed and disfigured people. They give a book something to talk about and allow a reader to understand why they have been outcast, or why they have certain obsessions.They bring out some qualities a lot of authors don’t write about, and that makes the book just that much more entertaining. Who is a good example of supporting grotesque characters? An example from Malcom Griffith about grotesque character s â€Å"For example, he uses vague guidelines such as â€Å"the open-ended nature of grotesque† without prior explanation of which way the grotesque is open-ended (Griffith 49). What Griffith lacks in cohesion of a definition, he tries to make up for in examples. † He breaks down trying to explain what causes a grotesque character, to be open- ended, and why they are different from other characters.Grotesque characters help make literature entertaining and enjoyable to read. They bring out the other side of literature in which characters aren’t normal. These things show how far literature has come from very different authors. Different types of grotesque characters have very different obsessions, problems, and living situations. Grotesque characters are used a lot and can be found in literature such as Southern Gothic Literature and some Modernism. Grotesque characters shape a lot of our books in literature today. Grotesque add thrills and excitement to our book s and other sources of literature.In conclusion, we find grotesque characters to be unwanted, socially awkward, sometimes helpless, dysfunctional, overall just not what we consider normal in our life. They don’t fit in they are just abnormal and freakish. Works Cited Griffith, Malcolm. â€Å"The Grotesque in American Fiction. † Ohio: Ohio State University Press. 1996. Fearnow, Mark. The American Stage and the Great Depression: A Cultural History of the Grotesque. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Witkin, Joel-Peter. and Stanley B. Burns. Masterpieces of Medical Photography: Selections from the Burns Archive. Pasadena, CA: Twelvetrees Press, 1987.