Sales Force Management Leadership

Question: College President Ralph Tesseneer discloses how he figured out how to esteem decent variety as a kid on the homestead in Louisiana: At some point, Dad got back home with two donkeys, Old Blue and Old Kate. Blue was wild and flighty, however Kate was dependable and did what was mentioned. At the point when you snared them together and said get up, Blue bounced to it. Kate was delayed to begin, yet when the going got hard, Kate went directly on with the current task. I have discovered employees are a similar way. They are typically tough people, and if a way can be found to saddle their novel gifts, they will arrange and accomplish ponders. In dealings with others, the pioneer faces the difficulties of comprehension and esteeming various sorts of individuals, and of being astute, mindful, and adaptable in addressing their requirements. To the degree this test is met, people will be served and associations will thrive by the blessings they bring. What does it take to address this difficulty? First is a genuine conviction that the best useful for all people can best be accomplished by cooperating. Second is the information that assorted variety enhances people and gatherings. Third is the everyday act of thinking about the interests and addressing the requirements of others. Ask yourself how you are getting along in these three key territories, and what you can do to improve. Answer: Administration is the truly dependable task to carry out in an association. In this manner, the fundamental duty of a pioneer is to coordinate the colleagues with giving the vision and goals of the association. There is another substance of a pioneer to deal with the feeling of anxiety of the representatives or colleagues (Johnston Marshall, 2016). In the trial of monkeys, the pressure is broke down with the electric stun. There was a couple of monkeys who were utilized to execute the test. Brady (1958) (The Executive Monkey Study, 2016) has researched the limit of a person in taking care of over the top pressure. Along these lines, the analysis has uncovered the obligation of an innovator in dealing with the pressure. The trial has uncovered that in the event that an individual works under an enormous tension consistently, at that point the individual would be influenced by sickness. The pressure would lead the individual towards the sickness. As per the examination, there was a couple of monkey has given electric stun in their foot (The Executive Monkey Study, 2016). The main contrasts between the two monkeys were that one had the option to control the stuns with a switch and the other one needs to endure the pressure constantly. Following 23 days, it was seen that the official monkey, who had the option to deal with the stun, was experiencing the gastric ulceration while the burdened monkey was not influenced that much by the stuns (The Executive Monkey Study, 2016). The normal pressure has made it more grounded than before to deal with the pressure. This investigation has clarified the prerequisite of stress the board in the hierarchical structures by pioneers. Accordingly, the investigation demonstrates to the administration styles of the associations to deal with the feeling of anxiety of the representatives (Johnston Marshall, 2016). Something else, this will end up being the unscrupulous issue for the association and the limit of the representatives will diminish. References Johnston, M. W., Marshall, G. W. (2016).Sales power the board: Leadership, development, innovation. Routledge. The Executive Monkey Study. (2016). Pirate.shu.edu. Recovered 9 August 2016, from https://pirate.shu.edu/~hovancjo/exp/brady58.htm

Wireless Network Security and Preventive - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about theWireless Network Security and Preventive Methods. Answer: Presentation The report portrays the significance of executing security in the remote system framework for shielding it from high ran information breaks. It has been expected that with the quick advances in innovation, the availability of remote gadgets are likewise expanding much of the time in the two work environments and houses. This report explains the dangers and hazard related to remote system framework. The difficulties related to the remote framework are a lot of hard to relieve consequently important innovations are required to be adjusted for this sort of frameworks those are likewise represents in this report. Distinctive appropriate advancements are there those ought to be utilized in the working and home ambiances for alleviating the security dangers (Rawat et al., 2015). Aside from this, the report likewise expounds certain examination questions and unclear regions of remote system frameworks and furthermore shows the best possible utilization of the innovation Difficulties In both home and working environments remote systems are broadly utilizing by the framework engineers. Run of the mill difficulties are related to all the remote systems, for example, remote neighborhood, passage, administration set identifier and so on. The fundamental test related to the framework is the security (Chen et al., 2016). On the off chance that the framework needs suitable safety efforts, at that point the whole procedure will be disappointment because of absence of precise avoidance measures (Rezvani et al., 2015). So as to set up made sure about correspondence between various advanced gadgets, WLAN is a neighborhood utilizes high recurrence radio waves in the frameworks. In the conventional remote correspondence systems, remote correspondence has developed as a significant discovery (Lake et al., 2014). The untidiness of the system framework has totally diminished after the utilization of remote system framework. The difficulties related to this are as per the followi ng: Weakness in remote security arrange: For the consecutive sensor organize engineering, the remote sensor arrange structures single point breakdown. The primary driver for the security laps is the unattended sensor hubs (Li, et al., 2014). So as to follow the remote gatecrashers, there is a limit for the current area following strategies. In the updated particular of IEEE 802.11i, the dangers and system challenges are not yet thought of. The sensor systems for observing methodology are in the helplessness zone. The ongoing security models and standard security dangers: The present remote individual territory arrange has a youthful security plans (He et al., 2015). The security models created for wired systems are not in any way compelling for the remote systems. For the heterogeneous system and for the keen home system the distinguished issues are separately insufficient security and confinement issue. Assaults on the remote sensor systems: In request to create ensure for security in all the layers of the systems there is no basic security model (Rashid Rehmani, 2016). Against the common security dangers, insurance components are a lot of feeble. The security adjusted for the security and system layers are exceptionally feeble. Indeed, even the safety efforts for the general remote sensor arrange are extremely frail. Assaults on Ad-hoc remote system: In the greater part of the cases it has been distinguished that the cryptographic answer for gatecrasher recognition are exceptionally powerless (Butun, Morgera Sankar, 2014). For the worm assaults there is no such reaction strategy has been created by the system security engineers. Various kinds of remote system security advances are there those are utilized generally both in the working environments and faculty employments. Be that as it may, for blunder application in the corporate field, distinctive security concerns have been embraced (Rashid Rehmani, 2016). So as to improve the security includes, the sellers of remote security suppliers assume dynamic jobs appropriately still before down to earth execution all the dangers are should have been considered appropriately. In the adjustment procedure of remote neighborhood, security is the significant danger. Small as well as huge endeavors are confronting significant security dangers because of absence of appropriate advances (Rezvani et al., 2015). Security is the obligation regarding both the purchasers and for the specialist co-ops. So as to build up the security draws near, the components of remote security those ought to be executed are as per the following: The unapproved clients are required to be debilitated through the usage of appropriate confirmation draws near. The rouge passages must be dispensed with from the framework for keeping it from unapproved get to. In any event, during the information progress stage the data must keep made sure about from the outer assailants. The accessible remote security arrangement incorporate wi fi ensured get to (WPA), the Wi Fi Protected Access 2(WPA2), Virtual private systems administration (VPN3) (Butun, Morgera Sankar, 2014). Legitimate execution of use and system firewall and virtual private system will help the endeavors from unapproved get to. It has been discovered that, with the VPN organize the classified data of one undertaking can't be spilled and the secrecy could be looked after well. One of an advancing security structure, for the WLAN and the interoperability issue has been recognized (Razzaque, Salehi Cheraghi, 2013). Access in wi fi builds the pace of security danger for the most part. Through the wi fi association, the assailants may assault to the security systems and access server for taking data for abusing. Issues In the portable Ad Hoc arrange, for discovering the gatecrashers the cryptographic based plans can likewise be flopped in like manner. The Ad hoc arrange directing conventions are totally inclined towards the security assaults (Jing et al., 2014). Most of the directing conventions are concern just with the switch lengths. During the organization stage, the WSN portal single point disappointment may happen. Be that as it may, after the sensor hubs sending, they may stay unattended (Butun, Morgera Sankar,l 2014). While considering the convention issue, it has been discovered that, the convention connection may get bombed in both the system and information interface layer of the system models. Pertinent Technologies Legitimate Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be utilized for moderating the issues related to remote system framework. During the root development stage, various types of assault counteraction, strategies can be utilized by the framework engineers (Shamshirband et al., 2014). From framework examination, it has been discovered that, it is fundamental for the security measurements to being the basic piece of the security measurements. The WSN issues can be relieved by expanding the issue perseverance of the system (Wu, Ota Dong Li, 2016). All the hubs of the system are required to be checked occasionally. So as to deal with the security issues of convention appropriate security models are required to be executed by the framework engineers. Uses of the Technologies Advancement of cryptographic innovation: In request to relieve the system related security dangers the distinctive cryptographic conventions are required to be created in both the system and application layers in the system models (Rohbanian et al., 2013). It will help the framework from outside assailants, for example, DOS assault and DDOS assaults. With the assistance of the RADIUS verification just the approved clients will be capable access the system formally (Jing et al., 2014). The meeting keys will build the security scope of the framework and in the Bluetooth gadgets, the best possible PIN are required to be entered for making the pair just with the known gadgets. Upgrade Compressed Real-time Transport Protocol (ECRTP) is another innovative application that can be utilized in the remote point to point joins (Butun, Morgera Sankar, 2014). The mistake rates in the bits can likewise be alleviated with the assistance of this convention. The issues of heterogeneous remote systems can likewise be moderated with the assistance of the joining model system (Rezvani et al., 2015). Then again, there is another convention named as OLSR which is utilized to keep the neighbor data made sure about from the outside aggressors. Explain Vague Areas The framework is a lot of productive and essentially for increment the general business adequacy a large portion of the business associations and in any event, for staff utilizes individuals do utilize this applications broadly (Razzaque, Salehi Cheraghi, 2013). However, one of the obscure pieces of the system framework is the inappropriate verification. Research Questions What are the exceptional preparing and improvement programs that ought to be created for the remote system security? Regardless of whether the safety efforts are successful for the two working environments and homes? What are conventions that must be utilized for the system security? What are the significant difficulties for remote system security? Regardless of whether in the wake of recognizing issue the proper alleviation advances are accessible or not? What are the diverse acquired issues of security issues? Regardless of whether the vitality issues forbid the security plans? What are the apparatuses that could be utilized for information assurance? End From the general conversation it tends to be inferred that so as to keep the delicate data made sure about from the outside assailants security is one of the significant worries that is required to be thought of. The report referenced all the security dangers and difficulties related to remote sensor arrange. Diverse research addresses related to remote system security are additionally delineated in this report. Aside from this, so as to moderate the difficulties various advances are adjusted and applied on the security dangers. The correct utilizations of those innovations are likewise outlined in this report. Aside from the difficulties moderation systems, likewise the report showed diverse pertinent innovations those can b

Top 10 Application Tips # 7 Fellowship Statement COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Top 10 Application Tips # 7 Fellowship Statement COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog This is the seventh entry in our “Top 10? list to assist you with understanding the process of submitting your admission application to SIPA.   This entry is focused on advice regarding the section of the application entitled “Fellowship Statement.” Funding a graduate school education can be challenging and I will offer additional insight regarding financial aid in some future entries, the point of this entry is to provide guidance on the information that we ask for on the admission application. Question:   What do I need to do to be considered for a scholarship from SIPA? Answer: Every single person that applies to SIPA is considered for scholarship funding.   Thus, all you need to do to be considered is to complete the admission application. When an Admission Committee member reads the application and makes a decision, he or she can note that they wish for the candidate to be considered for scholarship from SIPA.   After all of our admission decisions are made the Committee then takes files that have been marked “consider for fellowship” and deliberates on who will be awarded funding. Question:   Are international students treated differently in the scholarship consideration process? Answer: No, all applicants are treated the same regardless of citizenship.   Scholarships are based on merit and we are looking for the best possible candidates for admission.   This may lead to the question . . . Question:   “What characteristics does a successful scholarship candidate possess? Candidates we typically award first year scholarships to “stand out” among the crowd so to speak.   You could say that along with academic and professional excellence, successful candidates possess a unique story, motivation, and/or drive backed by action that sets them apart from the rest of the pool of applicants. It might also be a candidate that overcame extreme obstacles to achieve success.   There is no formula or checklist that we use to nominate candidates for first year fellowship, we typically tell the Committee to identify the top 10-15% of files they read as worthy of scholarship consideration. The decision of who to award scholarships to is very difficult for a few reasons.   First, our applicant pools are extremely qualified each year.   Every admitted applicant possesses an impressive record of accomplishments matched by unique characteristics that the Committee believes will make a strong contribution to the admitted class. Second, the Committee is only able to award funding to approximately 10-15% of the admitted class.   SIPA reserves the majority of scholarship funding for second year students.   Not receiving a scholarship offer from SIPA as a newly admitted candidate should not be taken as a slight, it has more to do with the very accomplished pool of applicants and the limited amount of funding for the first year of study. Non-Columbia Fellowships SIPA does partner with several organizations to provide funding for admitted candidates.   In some cases we provide matching funding and in other cases we just wish to recognize the affiliation by granting our own scholarship to a candidate.   The organizations we partner with are listed in a drop down menu on the Fellowship Statement Page of the application.   See below for a picture: You may choose up to two organizations you either have an affiliation with or organizations you have submitted applications to for funding.   The process is competitive and we are often not able to award funding to everyone that has a relationship with an affiliated organization. For example we receive applications from many qualified alumni of the Peace Corps and we do set aside funding to recognize excellence during service in the Peace Corps, however with the large number of Peace Corps alumni applying we are unable to provide funding to every qualified candidate. Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) Timing U.S. citizens and permanent residents interested in receiving funding from the Federal Government should submit the FAFSA, but please do not do so prior to January 1st, 2011.   The 2011-2012 FAFSA will be needed and the Department of Education does not post the form online until the new year starts. Question:   What is meant by “head of household?” Answer: By head of household we mean that you are either entirely responsible for your own finances or that you are the main source of income in a family unit.   The family unit should not include your mother or father.   An example of head of household would be that live on your own or that you are married and have been earning 50.1% or more of the income for your household (which might or might not include children). Assets and Liabilities Sections The instructions are fairly clear on the site, please only enter your assets/liabilities and if married include those of your spouse.   Do not include parental information. Question:   Do I need to provide proof of the ability to pay for my education costs when I apply? Answer: No.   Admission decisions take into account merit only, not the ability to pay.   International students admitted to the program will have to provide proof of funding to have a visa issued, however this process does not take place until after an international candidate has been admitted and paid an enrollment deposit. Question:   Is the International Fellows Program (IFP) different from general SIPA scholarship funding? Answer: Yes.   Consideration for scholarship funding through the International Fellows program is different from general SIPA scholarships.   To apply, applicants must submit a 300 word statement about why they wish to be considered. It is not mandatory to apply for IFP funding, applying for IFP funding is optional and candidates who do not apply will not be viewed negatively.   For more information on the IFP program, please click here.

Women s Political And Islam - 1265 Words

Women’s political rights in Islam has been a controversial topic in the modern age. With the growth of ideologies like feminism and liberalism, Islam has been carefully examined underneath a microscope for some time. Some argue that Islam subjugates women because they are not given the exact rights or roles men have been given. Allah (swt) has given men and women different biological, physiological, and psychological attributes. In the Quran Allah (swt) says in chapter 4; verse 32 â€Å"And do not wish for that by which Allah has made some of you exceed others. For men is a share of what they have earned, and for women is a share of what they have earned. And ask Allah of his bounty. Indeed, Allah is ever, of all things, Knowing.† This verse†¦show more content†¦Women also took part in wars by being nurses and care takers of the soldiers (Dr, Nakir Naik, 2014). We can understand why it is not recommended nor obligated for women to partake in the battle field th rough Quranic verses and Hadeeths. In the Quran Allah (swt) says in chapter 4; verse 32 â€Å"And do not wish for that by which Allah has made some of you exceed others. For men is a share of what they have earned, and for women is a share of what they have earned. And ask Allah of his bounty. Indeed, Allah is ever, of all things, Knowing.† Allah (swt) has given men the upper hand in terms of physicality. Of course, there are outliers and exceptions but generally speaking a man is biologically and anatomically better suited to fight in war (Dr. Zakir Naik). Al-Sarkhasi said in Sharh al-Siyar al-Kabeer that â€Å"We do not like women to fight alongside men in war because a woman does not have the right physical make-up for fighting, as the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) indicated when he said: â€Å"This one was not a fighter† (said when he saw the body of a woman slain on the battlefield) (Shaykh Muhammad al-Munajjid, 2003).† Men are described as the â€Å"qawamun† in the Quran. This word is derived from â€Å"qawm† which is the Arabic word for standing up. They are required to stand up for their family in that they must protect andShow MoreRelatedIslam Studies Jahiliyyah1539 Words   |  7 Pagesof Islam. The Jahiliyyah is a core and critical part of the foundations of Islam, that certain elements of the jahiliyyah were borrowed, adopted and developed; whilst other elements were discarded as Islam evolved. It is important as aspects of the jahiliyyah period continues to have an influence after the advent of Islam. Elements of the jahiliyyah such as the geographical location; the political, social and religious life; pre-islamic literature, rituals of the Ka ba and the role of Women haveRead MoreWomen s Role Of A Muslim Woman1440 Words   |  6 PagesWomen’s Role in Islam In the west, the common picture of a Muslim woman is the stereotype of a woman hidden behind a veil, a voiceless, silent figure, stripped of rights. This picture of the Muslim woman is all too familiar to us, in large part because this is how the western media portrays women in Islam. If this is the picture of what most people think a Muslim woman is, what people think the roles of these women are not any better. Many people would think the roles of these women include being aRead MoreIslam : A Monotheistic Religion1505 Words   |  7 Pages Modern Challenges Paper Islam is a monotheistic religion taking into account disclosures got by the prophet Muhammad in the seventh century A.D., which were later recorded in the Quran (or Koran), Islam s consecrated content. Islam has spread quickly during the time and today the religion is, by a few estimations, the biggest on the planet. Devotees of Islam are called Muslims. The Arabic word Islam signifies accommodation, mirroring the confidence s focal precept of submitting to Allah. IslamicRead MoreWhat Role Did Violence And Warfare Play During The Origins And The Rise Of Islam1078 Words   |  5 PagesFirst of all, we are talking about what role did violence and warfare play in the origins and the rise of Islam. Since the 1950s, Western countries led by the committee to allow the establishment of Islamic mullahs called on the community of believers. Freed from the oppression of Islam out of the only parts of the land has old Yugoslavia and modern Israel. The real windfall rooted in Islamic fundamentalism and religious revivalism, part of the Muslim Arab countries because the current situationRead MoreMuslim Women As A Symbol Of Oppression856 Words   |  4 PagesIn the past decade, Islam has been viewed as a male dominant religion. Many people in the west proclaim that Muslim women are forced to wear and do things out of their own will and, therefore, the western society perceives Muslim women as a symbol of oppression. The main subject of controversy is the Islamic veil. In addition, the west proclaims Islam to be a sexist religion as the Muslim women are not held equal to men including a limited amount of women’s rights in Islam. In the Deepa Kumar articleRead MorePre Islamic Period Of Arabian People1399 Words   |  6 Pagesthe appearance of religion. It is common knowledge that understanding beliefs requires awareness of sociological, political, economic, psychological and philosophical life of a particular society. Thi s paper is aimed to explore the Arabian society’s condition in Pre-Islamic period and to prove that the spread of Muslimism has considerably improved people’s well-being, creating political and social structure. Pre-Islamic period embraces the late 6th and the early 7th century A.D. Recent historian studiesRead MoreThe Role Of Muslim Women During The Islamic World1564 Words   |  7 Pagesrole of Muslim women in the Islamic world is one has been widely discussed criticized by many people. The most common perceptions are of women living under the oppressive dictatorships of their husbands, forced into marriage, and constantly covered under the veil. The discussion of Muslim women and their roles are an important, firstly because there have been many misconceptions by non-Muslims which needs to be corrected and addressed. Secondly, some Muslim countries treat women unjustly in theRead MoreContributions Of Prominent Muslim Women1049 Words   |  5 PagesMuslim Women People when asked about Muslim women automatically picture an oppressed, mistreated, woman. One who doesn’t receive her rights and is not acknowledged in anyway. Which is all a misconception only conceived by non- muslims or people who might not have much knowledge in Islam. If they were to look deeper they would be astonished to see a womans worth in Islam and all the rights given towards women. And how women in Islamic history helped shape the religion. Some prominent Muslim women throughoutRead MoreThe Islamic Diffusion Of India1243 Words   |  5 Pagesbegan to convert to Islam, the religion carried to the coast of India. The first mosque in India was built in 629, it is called the Cheraman Juma Masjid. The mosque was made in the Indian state Kerala. Islam continued to spread into Indian cities, by immigration and conversion, as the Arab Muslims and the Indians continued trading. DIFFUSION Islamic diffusion in India happened through both Relocation and Expansion. India was first introduced to Islam in the 600’s when Arab traders regularlyRead MoreAisha Essay1413 Words   |  6 Pagesimpact of Aisha bint Abu Bakr on the development and expression of Islam. Aisha bint Abu Bakr was a leader, a woman, a wife, a theologian, a scholar and a political activist. She was precocious, loyal, brave and remarkably intelligent. These aspects of her humble life have allowed her to make a powerful impact on the development and expression of Islam that â€Å"no woman [has] reached†[1]. Not only did she influence the position of women in Islamic society, Islamic ethics, and the understanding and

Ideal Gas Law Quiz

My Best Friend Susie Free Essays

My best friend’s name is Susan, however, she prefers to be called Susie. Susie is a petite girl. She has sleek light brown hair that flows across her back, but she usually wears a braid. We will write a custom essay sample on My Best Friend Susie or any similar topic only for you Order Now Her complexion is a fair cream color, with a pair of amber eyes. Susie also has very light brown freckles scattered across her small oval face. She wears a cheerful smile. Susie also has a nice soft, warm voice. Susie can act somewhat shy around people with whom she is not well acquainted with. As a result, her shyness may be mistaken for rudeness, but once you get to know her you will notice that she is a very caring and intelligent person. She is also exceedingly good at sports. She plays basketball, soccer, tennis, does a little bit of golf, but her favorite sport is volleyball. When I first met Susie, I was very surprised too see that she was great at playing so many sports, especially volleyball. When it comes to Susie’s dress style, she likes to wear brilliant colors to express her cheerfulness, particularly colors like light pink, lime green, violet, or teal. On casual days she wears a t-shirt with a pair of light blue denim jeans, and sport shoes. Occasionally she likes to wear long skirts or dresses accompanied with a pair of boots. She also likes to wear a very nice apple scented perfume. Susie is a very talented and intelligent person. Aside from playing sports, Susie has a variety of hobbies. She likes to read, play the flute, practice art, and she also likes to write music and poetry. Susie is really passionate about art and sports. In fact, she always talks to me about how she wants to pursue a career as an artist and a volleyball player when she is older. Some of Susie’s favorite art pieces are the â€Å"Mona Lisa† by Leonardo da Vinci, and â€Å"Sunflowers† by Vincent Van Gogh. Susie’s personality can be described as a mixture of fun, caring, sporty, shy, artistic, and intelligent. My favorite trait about Susie is that she is very caring. She is always willing to stop what she is doing to help others. In conclusion, Susie is my best friend in the whole world, and I’m really happy to have her as a friend. How to cite My Best Friend Susie, Papers

Strategy and Innovation

Question: Discuss about theStrategy and Innovation. Answer: Strategy One of the important key ideas attained from the video is that there is a significant difference among business strategies, tactics, goals, and objectives. Sometime, managers get confuse among business tactics and strategies. For example, to always be the first mover in the industry, attainment of a global strategy, and be the low cost provider are not business strategies, but these are tactics, which are used by businesses to accomplish organizational strategies (Varbanova, 2013). Another important thought developed is that nowadays businesses are considered as a modern-day war. The main reasons behind this can be related to increased competition, highly dynamic business environment, and regular changing customers' needs and preferences (Sadler, 2003). In such a complex business environment, it becomes essential for managers to design a set of complex and flexible tactics that can lead to victor. It is also learned that a good strategy clearly provides answer to four questions inclu ding where do an organization should compete, think about unique value that a company can bring, resources and capabilities to be utilized, and sustain unique value (Cole, 2003). Strategies can be intended or realized. It is also learned that nowadays, strategy is more about what a company actually do instead of what it intends to do. The selected organization is Abbott Risk Consulting Ltd, which would be benefited from the application of the idea got in relation to the strategic development. In order to get success in current business environment, the implementation of these ideas would be beneficial for the company. For example, the company should develop a new business strategy to attain its mission and vision such as to deliver high quality consultancy services in an efficient and effective manner (Abbott Risk Consulting Ltd, 2013). Moreover, in order to develop an effective strategy, the company should firstly identify where it will compete such as selection of an appropriate marketplace, by reducing cost, offering innovative services, and use of advance technologies (Sadler, 2003). In addition, the company should identify the unique values for customers like delivering high value consultancy services. Moreover, organizational resources and capabilities should be identified to ensure their proper utilization for planning and implementing the strategy. In last, the company should work to sustain its unique values so that competitors cannot imitate and the business can get regular benefits. For example, the company should develop its resource based capabilities like human resource capabilities so that the competitors cannot easily imitate them. Currently, the company has a management team, in which all the members have specialists in their fields (Abbott Risk Consulting Ltd, 2013). The company can develop such capabilities to attain sustainable competitive advantage through its business strategies. Business Model Innovation It is learned from the e-learning activity that innovation is different from imitation and a successful innovation provides competitive advantage to the company over its main competitors. At the same time, it is also learned that there is also a significant difference between the terms such as invention and innovation. For example, an invention is related to find out a solution to an issue or a problem. In simple words, it can be discussed that invention is the outcome of a creative idea, while innovation refers to the process of turning invention into a business success (Al-Hakim, 2010). There are several examples of companies including Apple, Amazon, eBay, etc., which get success in today's competitive business environment through continuous innovation. It is also ascertained that for successful innovation, three important elements including new and fresh ideas, availability of big resources and continuous advancement of technologies are required. It shows that ideas and creativity are frequently considered as essential components of a successful innovation. To consider an issue in a new and different manner is known as to be creative and an idea can be depicted as a formula for addressing the problem (Al-Hakim, 2010). It is also found that there can be several driving forces and many stakeholders behind innovation. The main stakeholders include managers, customers, employees, etc (Clegg, Kornberger, and Pitsis, 2011). Another important element is found as availability of big resources for considering and implementing big innovation. For example, to implement a new innovative idea such as building of iTunes, iPhone, etc., Apple significantly makes huge capital investment as well as invest in other resources including human capital, technologies, equipment, and land and building. It shows that significant resources are required to ensure the long-term success of innovation (Girotra and Netessine, 2014). It is also assessed that in addition to a new idea and resources, different kind of techniques and new technologies are also required for the innovation success. Apple, Samsung, eBay, Amazon, etc. are some companies, which are technically advanced and highly invest in latest technologies that further support them to continuously innovate their products and processes. Another view grasped from the activity is that a business model innovation also answers some questions such as who are your customers, what is their needs and preferences, how you will create revenue and how the value can be created. The business model innovation supports in developing a balance among all these requirements (Kaplan, 2012). For example, before leading an innovation, it is essential to identify who will be the target customers and what are their expectations. It is because it would support in developing a product, which will meet the customers' expectations effectively. Moreover, innovation also supports the firm to create value elements for the firm so that customer satisfaction can be enhanced as well as revenue can be generated. It is also learned from the activity that a business can get success in business model innovation by following four steps including invention, ideation, integration, and implementation. It is also found that business model innovation can provide sustinable competitive advantage to the company because it brings invisibale changes to the outside world that will be hard to imitate by the competitors (Girotra and Netessine, 2014). In addition, it is also learned that there are ceratin key factors that must be considered by business managers to ensure the success of a business model innovation. For example, firstly, it is essential to ensure that the business implement only one business model at a time to ensure its success. Secondaly, it is essential to make sure that the business clearly communicate the business model innovation to different stakeholders mainly to customers to reap significant benefits. Moreover, it is also necessary to consider that innovation takes time, thus manageme nt should provide enough time to make an innovation successful. Fourthly, it is also important to get management commitment because without sponsorship or management support, it would be diffcult to execute innovation successfully (Girotra and Netessine, 2013). The selected organization is Burberry, which can benefit from the application of above ideas. Currently, Burberry is facing several challenges such as over reliance on UK market to generate revenue and British culture to produce its products, etc (Annual Report, 2014). It needs to implement a business model innovation to attain competitive advantage over competitors (Kaplan, 2012). Firstly, to execute the model, Burberry should rethink about the current business decisions related to earn revenue and manage cost and risk. The company should rethink such as what the new products offerings will be, when decisions should be made, and how value can be created for the customers to earn significant revenue. Burberry should first identify its target market and know about their product expectations as it would be helpful to design a new product as well as add new value elements to improve customer satisfaction. In addition, Burberry should encourage its employees to bring new ideas to improve the business and test those ideas to lead a successful innovation. Moreover, by ensuring adequate management support and providing needed resources to the innovation team, the company can work to implement the new ideas (Girotra and Netessine, 2014). An effective business innovation would be beneficial for the company to get ahead from competition. In addition, to ensure the long-term success of the new innovation, the company should develop a change management process that continuously analyzes the organizational as well as market changes and also develops necessary plans to implement those changes successfully. At the same time, the company should also focus on developing resource based capabilities in terms of human resource, equipment, and financial resources so that business innovation processes can be supported adequately to improve revenue and profitability position. Moreover, the company should also build a strong technological base so that new and innovative processes can be assisted to ensure long-term business success. References Abbott Risk Consulting Ltd (2015) About Us. Available at https://www.b.co.uk/Company/Profile/207314 [Accessed: 26th July 2016]. Al-Hakim, L. (2010) Innovation in Business and Enterprise: Technologies and Frameworks: Technologies and Frameworks. UK: IGI Global. Annual Report (2014) Available at: https://www.burberryplc.com/documents/ar-13-14/burberry-annual-review-2013-14.pdf [Accessed: 26th July, 2016]. Clegg, S. R., Kornberger, M., and Pitsis, T. (2011) Managing and Organizations: An Introduction to Theory and Practice. USA: SAGE. Cole, G. A. (2003) Strategic Management. USA: Cengage Learning EMEA. Girotra, K. and Netessine, S. (2013) Business Model Innovation for Sustainability. https://centres.insead.edu/corporate-governance-initiative/hot-topics/documents/BusinessModelInnovationforSustainability3-Final.pdf Girotra, K. and Netessine, S. (2014) Four Paths to Business Model Innovation. Available at https://hbr.org/2014/07/four-paths-to-business-model-innovation [Accessed: 26th July 2016]. Kaplan, S. (2012) The Business Model Innovation Factory: How to Stay Relevant When The World is Changing. UK: John Wiley Sons. Sadler, P. (2003) Strategic Management. UK: Kogan Page Publishers. Varbanova, L. (2013) Strategic Management in the Arts. UK: Routledge.

Toni Morrison’s World essay

Toni Morrison’s World essay Toni Morrison’s World essay Toni Morrison’s World essay‘Home’ is a widely known novel written by Toni Morrison, an American novelist and editor. The story greatly focuses on Frank Money, a 24-year-old African-American, who took part in the military operations during the Korean War, and his long journey back home after being dismissed from an Army into his homeland.Indeed, ‘Home’ is a hopeful novel about the possibility of surviving in a shadow of peace. Despite all difficulties and obstacles, there is a hometown that is waiting for the main character to come back to. As a consequence, the novel properly describes the North and South much like it would be today. Undoubtedly, the South is primary is associated with tranquility and quietness while the North is known for its noisiness and hastiness.The following passages fully describe Frank Money’s perception of the South since he ultimately returns to his homeland:‘This feeling of safety and goodwill, he knew, was exa ggerated, but savoring it was real.   He convinced himself that somewhere nearby pork ribs sizzled on a yard grill†¦And he was certain that on the bank of the stream they called Wretched, a woman in a man’s straw hat fished.   For shade and comfort she would be sitting under the sweet bay tree, the one with branches spread like arms’ (Morrison 118).Hence, this passage fully examines the literary significance of a specific scene – where Frank Money describes his perception of the South, as he ultimately returns to his hometown. This evidence proves the fact that Frank has a strong desire to finally find his home in order not to look back. As a result, the well-known smells and sounds remain the protagonist of his native land and make him appreciate and value the South again. This is a well-known fact that Southerners adore cooking and love food, and Frank Money is remembering the meal that was always preparing in people’s homes. In such a case, op en arms symbolize tranquility and safely. The tree itself is very essential to this scene, as it is a symbol of the South, portraying it as a place of family and love. The character’s homeland waits for him with open arms in order to come back home and feel free and secure again.In conclusion, ‘Home’ is a surprisingly hopeful story where Toni Morrison masterly persuades the readers’ hearts to reach out to Frank Money, a veteran of the Korean War, who finally finds his home in order to never look back.

Spanish Gerund Following Verbs Other Than Estar

Spanish Gerund Following Verbs Other Than Estar The Spanish gerund - the verb form ending in -ando or -iendo - is used frequently with forms of estar to form the progressive tenses. However, it can also be used with other verbs, sometimes with meanings that are similar to the progressive tenses. Verbs Often Used With the Gerund Here are some of the most common verbs that can be followed by the gerund: Seguir or Continuar These verbs typically mean to keep on or to continue. With this usage, the two verbs are generally interchangeable with little difference in meaning. Sony sigue hablando mal del plasma, mientras sigue lanzando televisores LCD. (Sony keeps on speaking poorly of plasma while it keeps on releasing LCD televisions.)Venezuela continuar comprando cemento cubano. (Venezuela will keep on buying Cuban cement.)Muchas veces seguimos durmiendo ms de lo que deberà ­amos. (Many times we continue sleeping longer than we should.)Las cuatro continuaban peleando y un hombre que se movilizaba en una motocicleta aprovechà ³ para robarles. (The four kept on fighting and a man on a motorcycle took advantage of the situation to rob them.) Andar Although standing alone andar typically means to walk, when followed by a gerund it means roughly the same as to go around doing something in a rather pointless or unproductive fashion. If youre translating to English, the translation can vary considerably with context. Andar generally has a negative connotation when used this way. Descubrà ­ el foro porque andaba navegando en Internet. (I discovered the forum because I was browsing around the Internet.)Katy anda comiendo todo el dà ­a. (Katy goes around eating all day.)Tà º sabes que todos andamos buscando una vida que satisfaga. (You know that all of us spend our time looking for a satisfying life.) Ir Sometimes, ir is used in the same way as andar, above. But it usually doesnt have the negative connotation. In fact, it usually suggests that the action in progress is proceeding gradually or steadily. Again, translations of ir followed by the Spanish gerund can vary with the context. Vamos estudiando mejor la situacià ³n real del pueblo. (We are coming to study better the real situation of the people.)Fueron comprando trozo a trozo el terreno durante un proceso de unos quince aà ±os ms o menos. (They went about buying the land one piece at a time during a process that lasted 15 years more or less.)Los estudiantes van ganando influencia. (The students are steadily gaining influence.) Venir Followed with a gerund, venir often refers to something that has been occurring for a long time and is still continuing. It sometimes conveys frustration that the action isnt complete. As in the first two examples below, it is often used to indicate how long something has been occurring. En los à ºltimos aà ±os, se viene hablando de liderazgo. (In recent years, much has been spoken about leadership.)Hace seis meses que viene probando suerte como modelo en Parà ­s. (For the past six months she has been trying her luck as a model in Paris.)Vienen diciendome que no soy normal. (They have been telling me that Im not normal.) Following Other Verbs With Gerunds In general, most verbs can be followed by a gerund as a way of indicating how the first verbs action in performed. In effect, the gerund functions much as an adverb. In many cases, sentences using a gerund in this way cant be translated word for word.. A few examples: Empezamos escuchando y terminamos entendiendo todo. (We begin by listening and finish by understanding everything.)De pronto nos encontramos escribiendo una nueva historia. (Suddenly we found ourselves writing a new story.)Antonio miraba estudiando todos mis movimientos. (Antonio watched me, studying all of my movements.)Buscamos en su Instagram unos fotos donde aparezcas sonriendo. (We are searching on your Instagram feed for photos where you appear to be smiling.)  Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¡Ella perdià ³ 12 kilos bebiendo este jugo milagroso!! (She lost 12 kilograms by drinking this miracle juice!) Key Takeaways The gerund is used most often with estar to form the progressive or continuous tenses.It can also be used with several other verbs, among them seguir and continuar, to convey an idea similar to a progressive tense.In other situations, the gerund can function much like an adverb in modifying or explaining the meaning of another verb.

Planning and Controlling Direct Labor Costs Term Paper

Planning and Controlling Direct Labor Costs - Term Paper Example As a result of which the total revenue and total sale of the organization might get increased that may amplify its market share and brand value to a significant extent among others. Apart from this, if the organization became successful in reducing its actual cost, then it might present its product or services at a quite competitive cost as compared to its rival players. However, due to which, a huge range of customers might get attracted towards the brand and the product line that may amplify its demand and profit margin in the market among many other rival players (Hansen, Mowen and Passalacque 29). Thus, it might be stated that in order to enhance the range of profits of the organization by a consistent range, planning is the most essential facet. In order to enhance the sustainability and position in long run, the organization might plan for long term strategies. It might prove effective in increasing the overall costs and revenues thereby reducing the total costs. The importance of the study is to analyze the importance of planning for an organization in this age, in order to amplify its total revenue and reduce the total cost. This might act as the first stage of budgeting that may prove effective for the organization to forecast its future expected sales, earning, expenses etc. Along with this the process of planning and staffing also includes the future forecast of the changes of the business and economic environment that may offer significant impact over the operations and functions of the organization. Along with planning and staffing, forecasting is another important step of budgeting, that helps to determine, the degree to which the long term strategies are useful or feasible for the organization in long run. However, this process of forecasting is a mixture of two important functions such as planning for long period of time entirely based on real goals or objectives of the organization as well as short term planning’s.

Museum paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Museum - Research Paper Example I choose this art because of its importance among the Egyptians. The Egyptians believed about life after death, I wanted to do more research on the art and understand why they Egyptians strongly believed in life after death. Also, wanted to know why they made the coffin to Pedi-Osiris. My curiosity to know the art features made me focus on the art. According to Witcombe, the Women from Willendrof art served as a fertility idol, which includes all the female body parts that are required for a woman to conceive and in nurturing children (3). Because of the art does not have feet, Witcombe argues that is, it may have meant to curtail the figurine’s power, that is to leave whatever responsibilities had been placed on her (8). It is because the art is also seen as a carving of an ancient goddess. If one were to ignore its religious function and fertility purpose, it could only be identified as a Stone-Age toy for a kid. However, this is unsatisfactory because of its artistic ability shown is sculpting her figure. The purpose for the coffin of the priest Pedi-Osiris art was to put Pedi-Osiris, who as a priest of the god Osiris (The Museum of Fine Arts). It severs the purpose that Egyptians believed in life after death. Since it was made in the similitude of the gods and goddess, Coffin of the priest Pedi-Osiris was to protect the deceased and help him overcome the obstructions in the journey ahead, as it would be dangerous. Placing the Women from Willendrof art, its purpose slightly changed, where looking at the art describe the beauty of a woman (Dobres 740). As opposed to these days how people view a beautiful woman as being slim, the prehistoric people appreciated the body of their women. In addition, how the breasts are big can depict that the woman can fully satisfy a young child breastfeeding. I did not see it as a religious figure, but as a symbol of fertility in prehistoric art. After seeing the Coffin of the

The Sampling Strategies Are Identified Sociology Essay

The Sampling Strategies Are Identified Sociology Essay Tikanga refers to the way of doing correct and right things. The traditional and customs that have been handed down through the passages of time. It refers to how researchers enter the research community, negotiate their study and methodology, conduct themselves as a researcher and as an individual, and engage with the people requires a wide range of cultural skills and sensitivities. Researchers have to be respectful and culturally appropriate when engaging with indigenous communities. Kawa refers to values, beliefs and protocols such as working with Maori health providers. Maori committees who have iwi and Hapu reps.This group can support the research through: Tika, checking the research design; Manaakitanga, advising about cultural and social matters; Mann, ensuring justice and equity for Maori and support with participants .It involves collective participation by members of a community within an important event Quota A quota sample is conveniently selected according to pre-specified characteristics specific to the research topic. Characteristics may be according to age, gender, profession, diagnosis, ethnicity and so forth. For instance, a quota sample may be selected according to the comment as 30 Maori females and 20 Maori males diabetes whose age is from 35 to 55 in a group OUTCOME 2 2.1 Sampling strategies are implemented in accordance with kaupapa Maori Quota sampling Quota sampling is a method for selecting survey participants. In quota sampling, a population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-group. Then decision is used to select the subjects from each segment based on a specified proportion. For example, an interviewer may be told to sample 50 females Maori diabetes and 30 males Maori diabetes between the age of 45 and 60. This means that individuals can put a demand on who they want to sample. In quota sampling, the selection of the sample is non-random sample and can be unreliable. For example, interviewers might be tempted to interview those people in one hospital where looks the most helpful, or may choose to use accidental sampling to question those closest to them, for time-keeping sake. The problem is that these samples may be biased because not everyone gets a chance of selection. Random sample A random sample is a subset of individuals that are randomly selected from a population. Because researchers usually cannot obtain data from every single person in a group, a smaller portion is randomly selected to represent the entire group as a whole. The goal is to obtain a sample that is representative of the larger population. Subjects in the population are sampled by a random process, using either a random number generator or a random number table, so that each person remaining in the population has the same probability of being selected for the sample. Stratified random sampling A stratified sample is a sampling technique in which the researcher divided the entire target population into different subgroups, or strata, and then randomly selects the final subjects proportionally from the different strata. This type of sampling is used when the researcher wants to highlight specific subgroups within the population. For example, to obtain a stratified sample of diabetes of Maori, the researcher would first organise the population by age group and then select appropriate numbers of 20 to 30, 30 to 40, 40 to 50 and 50 to 60. This ensures that the researcher has adequate amounts of subjects from each age gap in the final sample. 2.2 Sampling strategies are implemented in accordance with local iwi or hapu requirements. 1. The researcher should try to develop a cooperative working relationship with local iwi and Hapu, for example, take some food or financial reward to share with people who participates in the research and whanau. 2. Maori culture should be respected by researcher during the period of research. Researcher should use the material carefully which is from the participants. Make sure using them correctly and appropriately. 3. After all the researches are finished, the researcher should inform the participants and whanau what has been chosen and written in the report and ask the permitting for using those information in the report. OUTCOME 3 3.1 The impact of colonization on hauora at regional and national levels is analysed in accordance with culture customs. Colonisation has had a huge impact on Maori health. Social factors like poverty, inferior housing, severe overcrowding, poor standards of domestic and community hygiene, racial discrimination, educational disadvantages, high unemployment rates and heavy dependence on social welfare along with limited access to affordable and nutritious food and poor understanding of health and nutrition all increase the risk of chronic disease in indigenous people. Maori Regional : He tangata I kakahuria ke te rimu noana e kore e ora ki te noho tuawhenua; which means literally: a person covered with seaweed will not survive dwelling inland. It gives a sense that for a person accustomed to living by the seaside and feasting on kaimoana/seafood, they will have difficulty in adjusting to living inland in an entirely different environment. When Europeans came to these lands, things changed, and today we see that Maoris have become reliant on fast foods, and high-risk behaviours like poor nutrition, alcohol abuse, cigarette smoking and a sedentary lifestyle. Westernised lifestyles also dictated regular meal times which Maori did not/do not often adhere to. National : Pushed by the European to low lying villages, Maori left behind them fern roots, kÃ…Â «mara, fish, birds and berries, and they progressed to foods like flour, sugar, tea, salted pork, potatoes, along with smoking, alcohol and drug misuse, less exercise, over-eating, and long-term unemployment. While infectious diseases declined and population decline slowed, urbanization brought about other health risks with this change in life-style and genetic influences. Most Maori who live in deprived areas and have low income are more prone to less healthy. There is a strong link between diabetes and low income (low socio-economic), poor quality of life, social deprivation and also limited access to health care services. OTHER INDIGENOUS : THE NATIVE AMERICAN INDIANS Regional : Years ago, Native Americans did not have diabetes. Elders can recall times when people hunted and gathered food for simple meals. People walked a lot. Now, in some Native communities, one in two adults has diabetes. A hunting-gathering lifestyle does not favour excess food consumption. The majority of time is spent in subsistence with intermittent feasts, and occasional famines. During times of food abundance, the ability to save excess energy for famine (i.e., be thrifty) would confer a selective advantage, and the genes would spread throughout the population. Currently, most indigenous peoples live sedentary, westernized lifestyles. Food is plentiful, and little physical work is required. However, the thrifty genes are still in action. They promote too much insulin, obesity, and type 2diabetes. The formerly adaptive thrifty gene is a maladaptive remnant of a hunting-gathering lifestyle. National : Native Americans and Diabetes since the arrival of Columbus in 1492, American Indians have been in a continuous struggle with diseases. It may not be small pox anymore, but illnesses are still haunting the native population. According to statistics, Native Americans have much higher rates of disease than the overall population. This includes a higher death rate from alcoholism, tuberculosis, and diabetes than any other racial or ethnic group. Recent studies by Indian health experts show that diabetes among Indian youth ages 15-19 has increased 54% since 1996 and 40% of Indian children are overweight. Even though diabetes rates vary considerably among the Native American population, deaths caused from diabetes are 230 percent greater than the United States population as a whole. Diabetes is an increasing crisis among the Native American population. 3.2 The impact of colonization on the cultural base and the effects these have on health are analysed in accordance with cultural customs. Maori Customs and language : During and after colonization Maori customs and language were majority assimilation by westernized. Because of assimilation policy the young Maori generations were separated from Kaumatau, whanau, hapu and iwi. The elderly knowledge, customs and language were reduced the roles in community. Language is a fundamental part of identity. In the decades following the signing of the Treaty, the number of native speakers reduced to the point where the language was dying out. Government has in the last 20 years supported indigenous efforts to revive te reo through kohanga reo (preschool language nests) and kura kaupapa (schools). Many Maori use English for daily living but doctors may meet older Maori who prefer to speak te reo, and younger Maori who assert their rights to converse in their own language. The doctor should have knowledge of available translation services in their region and should learn how to pronounce Maori words correctly. This can be a powerful mean s of engaging with Maori patients and enhance the chance of establishing a strong therapeutic relationship. The lack of knowledge about Maori customs and language effect on providing health services in successful outcomes and a strong cultural belief that worry can worsen symptoms, led them to avoid lengthy discussion of complications. So the kaupapa research and Tikanga Best Practice were launched to be guidelines for health care providers in primary and secondary. Tapu and noa, deep concepts which have often been misinterpreted, are seen as underpinnings of a system of public health in which spiritual and social health are linked with elements of physical health. Maori are dying younger than PÄ keha, because they are poorer, colder, sicker and more socially disadvantaged, are less likely to get help, so Maori health strategy, Whanau Ora strategy, DHB are the policies which government focus on improving the physical wellbeing as well as psychological perspectives. New Zealan d Public Health and Disability Act 2000 recognises the Treaty of Waitangi, by requiring District Health Boards to improve the health outcomes of Maori. Lifestyle : Maori lifestyles change in according with the urbanization and civilization. They go too far from old traditional and get used to have the westerned lifestyles. Such as, enjoyment with fast food, the seniority system was seen as less valuable, tend to less contact with whanau. When the gap between kaumatau and young Maori is wider, it leads the loss of their identity, their spiritual and psychological health. OTHER INDIGENOUS : THE NATIVE AMERICAN INDIANS Reduced physical activity associated with urbanization increases the risk of type 2 diabetes. Changes in activity (i.e., a decrease in caloric output) can be attributed to changes in occupation and transportation. Urbanization moves people into cities where occupations tend to involve less physical activity. And as these occupations tend to pay more than agriculture, more money is available for luxury goods, such as vehicles. These further decreases the amount of time devoted to energy expenditure. Thus a repeating cycle of more money leading to more food and less physical activity, leading to more time to make money creates a lifestyle where obesity and diabetes develop. Changes in the environment as a result of colonization and westernization have been dramatic when compared with traditional indigenous life ways. Westernized societies have dietary intakes vastly different from those practiced traditionally by indigenous peoples. The largest changes are found in the increase in animal fats and carbohydrates, especially secondary to processed foods. Economic globalization has lead to widespread patterns of processed food consumption and lifestyle. This is evident in the number of McDonalds restaurants worldwide. Fast food is synonymous with westernization. However, these foods have little nutritional value when compared to traditional dietary staples, and they have contributed greatly to the rise in non-communicable diseases, such as type 2 diabetes. Indigenous peoples are aware of how colonialism has affected them at a level as fundamental as nutrition. Unfortunately, there are few alternatives at present. The wide-scale socioeconomic changes associated with westernization have impacted traditional foods and physical activities in a way that is not easily fixed. Issues of land rights, equity, and self-government are intricately entwined with current health problems. The inability to access lands, and therefore traditional foods and activities, prevents indigenous peoples from incorporating traditional life ways into current practice. All of these problems associated with colonialism are exacerbated by the processes of modernization and urbanization. When the North Americans settlers took over land traditionally belonging to the Native Americans, this meant the Indians were dispossessed of their own lands. For a culture that was linked inextricably to the land, it was a real tragedy to be separated from their spiritual roots. This sort of action led to a real loss of culture, spiritually and socially. In many cases the Native Americans were herded onto reserves, rather than permitted to freely hunt and wander around their traditional homelands. This loss of freedom and loss of land is a legacy still felt keenly by the people today and lead the increasing number of mental health people. In some cases, they were forced to take on white mans religion as well, although they did have some choice. Missions were introduced, and Natives were aggressively encouraged to convert to Christianity. Most of the groups had had some form of ancestral worship, and this enforced change in religion altered their culture identity. Life in the Americas changed drastically and dramatically with the coming of the Europeans. The worst thing that happened to the natives was the influx of deadly diseases for which they had no immunity. The natives died by the thousands, inundating whole tribes! The second major occurrence was the Europeans killing off the game and chopping down the forests. Then, the foreigners proceeded to kill the natives and drive them from their ancestral homelands. The Spaniards even sought to rid the natives of their customs and languages, requiring them to adopt the Roman Catholic religion. They stole their riches, desecrated their buildings, and reduced once powerful nations to slaves and servants. 3.3 Contemporary issues affecting hauora as a result of the colonization process are analysed in accordance with cultural customs. Maori The manner in which the land was lost was often questionable, and led to considerable protest from Maori. These protests largely fell on deaf ears until the establishment of the Waitangi Tribunal in 1975. Establishment of the Maori Party : The foreshore and seabed controversy, a debate about whether Maori have legitimate claim to ownership of part or all of New Zealands foreshore and seabed, became the catalyst for setting up the Maori Party. The Maori Party believes: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Maori owned the foreshore and seabed before British colonisation; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The Treaty of Waitangi made no specific mention of foreshore or seabed; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ No-one has subsequently purchased or otherwise acquired the foreshore or the seabed; and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Maori should therefore still own the seabed and the foreshore today. Legislation : The New Zealand Public Health and Disability Act (2000) is one of result in order to recognise and respect the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi, and with a view to improving health outcomes for Maori to District Health Boardshttp://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2000/0091/latest/link.aspx?id=DLM80801 DLM80801 provide for mechanisms to enable Maori to contribute to decision-making on, and to participate in the delivery of, health and disability services. Access and participation : The Whanau Ora Tool is a practical guide to developing health programmes where whanau, hapu, iwi and Maori communities play a leading role in achieving whanau ora. It places Maori at the centre of programme planning, implementation and evaluation. Its aim is for Maori families to be supported to achieve fullness of health and wellbeing, as defined by them, within te ao Maori and New Zealand society as a whole. The key priority is to ensure that community health services are available, accessible and appropriate for Maori; and are of high quality. With many health programmes for Maori, it shows that government recognizes the culture and visible of Maori in society, that result to Maori easily access and participate to health services. The achievement rates across developmental activities are higher than before. OTHER INDIGENOUS : THE NATIVE AMERICAN INDIANS Access and participation : Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) improves access to health care services for all people in the U.S. who are uninsured, isolated, or medically vulnerable and supports health care providers in every state and U.S. territory. HRSA is working with partner Federal agencies and Tribal communities in order to increase access to health professionals, health centers, and affordable health care in hopes of decreasing Tribal health disparities. Health Resources and Services Administration provides opportunities for collaboration with Indian Health Service (IHS) facilities and Tribal organizations to improve access to care for American Indians and Alaska Natives. The two agencies are natural partners in providing comprehensive, culturally acceptable, accessible, affordable health care to improve the lives of Tribal populations. Establishment of movement and organization : Most Native American clans have developed court structures to arbitrate issues related to native rules. AIM-the American Indian Movement-began in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in the summer of 1968. It began taking form when 200 people from the Indian community turned out for a meeting called by a group of Native American community activists led by George Mitchell, Dennis Banks, and Clyde Bellecourt. Frustrated by discrimination and decades of federal Indian policy, they came together to discuss the critical issues restraining them and to take control over their own destiny. Out of that ferment and determination, the American Indian Movement was born. AIMs leaders spoke out against high unemployment, slum housing, and racist treatment, fought for treaty rights and the reclamation of tribal land, and advocated on behalf of urban Indians whose situation bred illness and poverty. They opened the K-12 Heart of the Earth Survival School in 1971, and in 1972, mounted the Trail of Broken Treaties march on Washington, D.C., where they took over the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), in protest of its policies, and with demands for their reform. The American Indian Movement (AIM), which initially created a patrol to monitor police actions and document charges of police brutality. Eventually, it promoted programs for alcohol rehabilitation and school reform. By 1972, AIM was nationally known not for its neighborhood-based reforms but for its aggressive confrontations with the BIA and law enforcement agencies. Indigenous position in general national society : The Native American Indians position in American society is not far different from the early of colonized. Their position is still in the bottom of society even government recognize them and provide many services to support and encourage them to the better lives. But in society, the racism in skin colour still remains. Legislation : In the contemporary relationship between the federal government and federally chartered tribes, as it has reached the present through a number of historical stages, the United States Congress with its powers to ratify treaties and regulate commerce is the trustee of the special Indian status. The trusteeship involves protection of Indian property; protection of Indian right to self-government; and the provision of services necessary for survival and advancement. In the commission of its trusteeship, Congress has placed the major responsibility for Indian matters in the Department of Interior and its subdivision the Bureau of Indian Affairs. In addition to the central office in Washington D.C., the BIA maintains regional offices in 12 states, mostly in the West, with agencies on particular reservations as well. Many Native Americans have positions in the BIA, but relatively few are at the highest positions. The Indian Health Care Improvement Act : Declared elevating the health status of the American and Alaska Native people to a level at parity with the general U.S. population to be national policy. The Indian Health Care Improvement Act (IHCIA), the cornerstone legal authority for the provision of health care to American Indians and Alaska Natives, was made permanent when President Obama signed the bill on March 23, as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The authorization of appropriations for the IHCIA had expired in 2000, and while various versions of the bill were considered by Congress since then, the act now has no expiration date. OUTCOME 4 4.1 Conclusions about the impact of colonization on the hauora of the indegenous people are drawn and substantiated in accordance with the analysis INDIGENOUS MAORI EDUCATION Before the coming of Europeans to New Zealand, the education of Maori children was shared by home and community. From their grandparents and parents they learnt the language and standards of behaviour. In the community they developed skill in fishing, hunting, gardening, house-building, cooking, mat-making, and basketry. The more difficult arts of wood-carving and tattooing were taught by experts while instruction in tribal law was given to the sons of chiefs and priests in a building known as the whare-wananga. The arrival of the European brought far-reaching changes in Maori social life. To meet the demands of the new culture, radical changes in the system of education became necessary. First to accept the challenge were the missionaries who set up schools with the object of converting the natives as quickly as possible to Christianity. The first school commenced under Thomas Kendall at Rangihoua in 1816. The Wesleyans followed in 1822, and the Roman Catholics in 1838. M ission schools rapidly increased in number and their influence spread to the most remote areas. While the instruction was mainly of a religious nature, the Maori language was taught through translations of the Bible and Catechism. There was practical needlework for the girls, also carpentry and field work for the boys. URBAN MIGRATION Following the Second World War, many MÄ ori elected to move from their tribal and rural communities to find work in the bigger centres. While some MÄ ori attempted to bring traditional institutions into the cities by establishing urban marae for example, urbanisation brought major change to the MÄ ori world. Older tribal structures lost influence, and urban-based MÄ ori became educated in western institutions. Äâ‚ ¬pirana Ngata died in 1950, and a new breed of leaders emerged in the context of the rapidly urbanised MÄ ori communities. EMPLOYMENT In Tai Tokerau (Northland) high Maori unemployment, redundancies, high tribal cultural identity wonderful beaches, and forests, have set the scene for the development of indigenous sustainable economic development and tourism industry. The town of Morewa, which relied on the Freezing works for employment came to a halt during the free market reforms made almost the whole town unemployed. Recent work by the Community Employment Group with local iwi, and local authorities have turned around the town to form other forms of development. The town now thrives on tourism, fashion, and arts, agriculture from a Maori perspective through the delivery of Marae Stays, Cafes, Maori Art, Maori Fashion, and use of Maori land for agricultural purposes. Not only in one region but colonization affected whole of New Zealand in terms of employed in both positive in negative way. One good thing was that many Maori got educated and secured themselves employment, while some were left uneducated and unemployed. HOUSING Following the Second World War, many MÄ ori elected to move from their tribal and rural communities to find work in the bigger centres. While some MÄ ori attempted to bring traditional institutions into the cities by establishing urban marae. Many Maori were facing housing difficulties due to land loss, poor education and unemployment. OTHER INDIGENOUS : THE NATIVE AMERICAN INDIANS Education: Euro-Americans began to use education as a means to refine young American Indian children; to kill the Indian and save the child (Barker, 1997). Supported by the government, religious-based boarding schools were established in which Indian children were seized from their homes and forced to attend, typically starting at the age of four or five. They were prohibited from speaking their native language and were forced to abstain from practicing their cultural traditions, and were not released back to their families for about eight years. It is upon the return of American Indian youth back into their tribal communities where we begin to see the powerful negative impacts that forced assimilation have on the indigenous populations. With the youths homecoming, many of these children faced a cultural identity crisis, realizing they were no longer entirely Indian, but they were also not white either. The confusion between two separate cultures and oneself adds even more stress ont o the already complex process of ones identity development. Urban Migration : The U.S. government began actively moving American Indians to cities in 1952 as part of the Bureau of Indian Affairs Voluntary Relocation Program. The program resulted in 150,000-200,000 American Indians leaving reservations for cities such as Chicago, Los Angeles and Denver before it ended in the late 1970s. Today 67 percent of American Indians live in urban areas. Of particular significance is whether urbanization constitutes assimilation and the loss of something authentically Indian. In the dominant narrative, urbanization has become linked to cultural destruction and individuals disconnection from their tribal foundations. many American Indians say they feel invisible in the multicultural urban environment. From the 1950s through 1984, the Bureau of Indian Affairs had a program to assist Indians who wished to relocate from rural and/or reservation areas to such metropolitan sites as Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Denver, Los Angeles, and Oakland, where jobs were p resumably available. Urban Indians are more likely to be in the labor force than rural Indians. The most recent figures show that only 25 percent of the Indian population live on reservations, while 54 percent live in urban areas. Unemployment : While white workers saw unemployment soar over the past year, American Indian workers suffered recession-level rates of unemployment long before the recession began. Like black and Hispanic workers, American Indian workers experience persistently high rates of unemployment in good times and bad. Other data suggest the jobs crisis for American Indians may be even worse than the unemployment numbers reflect. In order to be counted as unemployed, a person needs to be actively looking for work. People who have suffered long periods of unemployment often become discouraged and stop looking. Even before the recession started, the employment-to-population ratios of American Indians were lower than those of whites by region. These gaps were very large in Alaska, the Northern Plains, and the Southwest. These three regions are also the regions of the country where the ratio of the Native-to-non-Native population is among the highest (U.S Census Bureau 2007). These facts suggest that the problem of low employment rates among American Indians may be at least partially due to conflicts between the two groups. The Great Recession is hurting all groups, but for American Indians, in some areas, it is worsening pre-existing economic disparities. Housing : Native American Indian tribes are currently plagued by severe housing problems. Nearly forty percent of all tribal homes are overcrowded and face severe structural deficiencies. With sixty-nine percent of tribal homes in overcrowded conditions that often include 18-25 people forced to jam into one and two bedroom homes overcrowding is a vital social issue. These overcrowded conditions and structural inadequacies cause many problems. These structures pose immediate risks to their occupants from structural collapse, improper ventilation, ineffective insulation, health issues, the stress of crowded living conditions, and many other causes. In addition, sixteen percent of Native American households in tribal areas also go without adequate plumbing or lack plumbing altogether. Inadequate plumbing, or the total lack of plumbing, often cause unsanitary conditions that can result in the easier spread of disease, use of unsafe drinking water, and general hardship on these families. Presently, on tribal lands more than 30,000 people are on a waiting list for rental housing. The National American Indian Housing Committee (NAIHC) estimates that 200,000 housing units are needed immediately on Indian lands in order to provide adequate housing. This enormous shortfall in housing is a critical concern for tribal leaders and citizens alike. 4.2 Conclusions about the social status of the indigenous people resulting from colonization, and its related impacts on hauora, are drawn and substantiated in accordance with the analysis. INDEGENOUS MAORI The health circumstances of indigenous peoples vary according to the unique historical, political, and social characteristics of their particular environments, as well as their interactions with the non indigenous population of the countries in which they reside. An example is the Maoris, the indigenous people of New Zealand. We focused on the health realities of this group, in particular the effects on Maori health of health care services designed according to the values and social processes of non-Maoris. Significant differences in life expectancy exist between Maoris and non-Maoris in New Zealand, but the role of health care in creating or maintaining these differences has been recognized and researched only recently. An analysis of Maori health in the context of New Zealands colonial history may suggest possible explanations for inequalities in health between Maoris and non-Maoris, highlighting the role of access to health care. Two potential approaches to improving access to and quality of health care for Maoris are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ development of a system of Maori health care provider services. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ initiation of cultural safety education. OTHER INDIGENOUS : THE NATIVE AMERICAN INDIANS It is important to recognize that terms such as Native American and American Indian are linguistic devices designed to denote contemporary descendents of a wide variety of tribal nations. Over 550 American Indian tribes are currently recognized by the federal government. In addition, many other tribes are recognized only by state governments, and still others are working to obtain official governmental recognition. Each tribe, whether recognized or not, is informed by a culturally unique worldview. Although Native

NAFTA

Introduction Since the idea of a North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) first entered the broader public consciousness in the early 1990s, there has been a remarkable reorientation within business, academic, and political circles in an effort to consider and better understand the nature of the North American relationship. The 1988 free trade agreement between Canada and the United States evoked intense debate and soul searching within Canada and comparatively little interest among Americans; but that situation changed as the horizons broadened to include Mexico and likely extension into other countries of Latin America, beginning with Chile. (Aggrawal, 363-372) By the early 1990s, Americans, along with Mexicans and Canadians, had fully entered into the dialogue. Remarkably, although perhaps not surprisingly, the nature of the issues raised, anxieties expressed, and ambitions to be realized through a closer trilateral relationship articulated within one country have resonated in the others. Although the alliances of foes and advocates have varied in the three countries, there have also been remarkable similarities. Canadians and Mexicans have tended to be more directly engaged in a debate over models of development and strategies of dealing with their common neighbor than have Americans. The NAFTA Debate The NAFTA agreement touched on such a wide range of issues and areas, including financial services, foreign investment, the auto sector, textiles, agriculture, labor, and the environment in the side agreements that it should not have been surprising that it evoked strong sentiments among a variety of interest groups in the United States and Mexico, although the Mexican public debate was significantly muted by the more closed nature of the political system. In the United States, the opponents of NAFTA were strange bedfellows: organized and unorganized labor, environmentalists, consumer groups, the protectionist left, and the populist right of Ross Perot, variously denouncing the agreement as a big-business plot to take advantage of low Mexican wages and lax Mexican government enforcement of environmental standards and labor laws. (Andrea, 54-69) On the protagonist side, the administration and its supporters, which included arch-conservative Rush Limbaugh and corporate scion Lee Iacocca, contended that NAFTA would expand American markets, improve environmental and labor issues along the U.S.-Mexican border, and sufficiently improve economic and labor conditions in Mexico to result in a significant reduction in Mexican immigration pressure on the United States. (Peter, 44-56) The Impact of NAFTA Given the limitations of time and space, I will touch on a select range of areas in considering the impact of NAFTA to date: industry, labor, immigration, and the environment.   As with other issues, continuity here is more striking than any significant departure from the past. At the time of the conclusion of NAFTA, Mexico was, and remains, the third largest trading partner of the United States after Canada and Japan, although its economy was only five percent the size of the combined American and Canadian economies. In 1992, the United States was the source of approximately seventy percent of Mexican imports and the market for seventy-six percent of its exports. As the result of GATT and general tariff reduction in Mexico, Mexican tariffs on U.S. imported goods by 1992 averaged ten percent in contrast to the one hundred percent that prevailed in 1981. (Gallagher, 43-51) NAFTA will have no effect on the number of jobs in the United States NAFTA will have neither a significant negative nor positive impact on the environment It will produce a small overall gain in U.S. real income The real wages of skilled workers may decline slightly For the United States, NAFTA is more a foreign policy than an economic issue. NAFTA provided for the phasing out of tariffs on apparel and textiles over ten years, with some items to have duty-free access to Mexico immediately. All tariffs on autos and auto parts are to be eliminated over ten years; in agriculture, Mexico and the United States are to phase out fifty-seven percent of trade barriers immediately, ninety-four percent after ten years and one hundred percent after fifteen years. U.S. and Canadian investors are guaranteed national treatment with the right to seek binding arbitration in international tribunals, although the agreement excludes in this respect the Mexican energy and railway industries, U.S. airline and radio communications, and Canadian cultural industries. (Gilmore, 102-118) In the oil sector, PEMEX is to retain its monopoly over most of the industry, but non-Mexicans will be able to invest in petrochemicals, electricity generation, and coal mines; procurement contracts for PEMEX and Mexico's state electricity commission are also to be opened to foreigners; foreign banks and securities brokers are to have unrestricted access to Mexico by the end of the decade, although there are some restrictions on the sale of policies by U.S. insurers. (Andrea, 54-69) The agreement also provides for an elimination of most of Mexico's tariff barriers on telecommunications equipment. Basic voice services remain protected but foreign investors are to have access to value-added telephone services. As a response to the significant political opposition to the original agreement in the United States, there are two side agreements for environmental and labor standards. The former is especially weak, providing for each nation to apply its own environmental standards provided they are established on a scientific basis and with the stipulation that lowering of standards in order to attract foreign investment would be â€Å"inappropriate.† (Aggrawal, 363-372) The two commissions established to deal with environmental and labor matters have the power to impose fines and remove trade privileges as a last resort when environmental standards or legislation pertaining to health and labor safety, minimum wages, or child labor are deemed to have been violated. Such fines would be levied on the governments not the private sector violators. (Francesco, 90-97) Labor. In 2005, Perot contended that the job losses to the United States as a result of NAFTA would be as high as 5.9 million. As The Economist suggested at the time, such a result was not feasible. For there to be a shift of even 2 million-and this is not to suggest that such a loss would be insignificant-Mexico would need a bilateral trade surplus of $100 billion, equal to one-third of its gross domestic product (GDP) in 1973. Gary Hufbauer and Jeffrey Schott of the Washington Institute for International Economics estimated, on the contrary, that NAFTA would generate a net increase of 171,000 jobs in the United States and that combined U.S. and Mexican GDP would ultimately increase by $15 billion a year. Yet another study, this one by the Economic Policy Institute in Washington, predicted that the net loss of U.S. jobs to Mexico would be 490,000. (Andrea, 54-69) Such wildly diverse predictions and analyses, even if one discounts Perot's, suggest the inexact nature of economic forecasting as well as its ideological biases. Yet one also has to keep in mind that differences of 200,000 are not considered significant, since seasonally adjusted statistics employment numbers shift up and down by that magnitude on a month-to-month basis. There also seems to be a general consensus among economists, including the Chicago school, that open markets and deregulation lead to social and economic dislocation. The left and the right simply and fundamentally differ over what one does to correct that dislocation. (Peter, 44-56) Advocates of NAFTA countered critics on the issue of differential wage scales with the argument that firms would not relocate simply because Mexican wages are eight times lower than those for U.S. workers. If one considers that wages comprise only fifteen percent of production costs, that the cost of relocation, including potentially increased transportation costs, training of a new labor force and the lower level of productivity among Mexican workers, and fringe benefits including housing allowances and Christmas bonuses normally equal to one month's wages, the wage differential is significantly reduced as a factor determining capital location. As well, as productivity increases in Mexico, wages will also rise, which will also occur in the higher technology areas of employment, as for instance in the highly productive Ford plant in Hermosillo, Baja California. (Francesco, 90-97) Further, and perhaps most significantly, it could be argued that under the provisions of the maquiladora operations that had been in place for three decades, there had been more than ample opportunity to test the thesis that employment and investment would be diverted to Mexico. U.S. organized labor could identify only 96,000 pre-NAFTA jobs that had shifted to Mexico in the previous decade, and several of the firms involved-Smith Corona typewriters and Zenith televisions- would have either moved to Southeast Asia or gone out of business if they had not shifted operations to Mexico. In one of the sectors where Mexico enjoyed a clear comparative advantage over the United States-beet sugar production-Clinton acceded to pressures from U.S. interests to include a protective provision in NAFTA. (Gallagher, 43-51) In another sector-apparel manufacturing- where Mexico also enjoys considerable comparative advantage, it is anticipated that although there will certainly be short-term and possibly significant job losses to Mexico; in the long term, improved economic conditions in Mexico, rising wages, and increased consumer spending capacity will level the playing field between the two countries. The data on job losses and job creation tied to NAFTA are not very favorable to date. U.S. Department of Labor statistics suggest that the job loss in the United States has been slight. (Gilmore, 102-118) In the twenty months following the implementation of the agreement, 68,482 workers had applied for a special NAFTA program of federal retraining assistance while losing their jobs; 38,148 had been accepted under the plan, which requires proof that the job loss is trade-related although not necessarily specifically caused by NAFTA. Those applying for assistance represented some 457 firms located in forty-six states, including Allied Signal, Sara Lee, Smith Corona, Averred Battery, Zenith, and Proctor and Gamble, all of which had belonged to a pro-NAFTA lobby. (Andrea, 54-69) Department as well as American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) officials agreed that in northern California in particular the impact seemed to have been especially light. Only one firm, Plantronics, a designer and manufacturer of telephone headsets, had by 1995 laid off 60 of 300 workers at its Santa Cruz plant and moved their positions to Mexico. The marginal NAFTA impact on industries such as Plantronics appears to be linked to the fact the region's high-tech; white-collar industries are less susceptible to low-wage Mexican competition than other industries elsewhere in the United States. Nonetheless, this perception of a failure of NAFTA to increase U.S. exports and export-related jobs led the anti-NAFTA consumer advocacy group Public Citizen to claim without hard evidence 300,000 NAFTA-related job losses. This argument received support from Congressional critics of NAFTA. (Francesco, 90-97) Ohio Democratic Representative Marcy Kaptur, for instance, joined with others to form a bipartisan House group with plans to introduce a NAFTA Benchmarks Bill to suspend NAFTA and set quantifiable limits on the trade deficit, job losses, and currency rates that would trigger an automatic suspension of the trade agreement. Certainly, Mexico has increased its exports to the United States as well as its proportional share of U.S. imports; but, this would have occurred without NAFTA with the Mexican peso devaluation in the same way that a low Canadian dollar continues to stimulate Canadian exports. Immigration. It may be inappropriate to attempt at this early stage to examine what has been happening with Mexican migration pressures on the U.S. border during the two years NAFTA has been in effect, since the crisis in the Mexican economy has greatly exacerbated the problem. Nonetheless, it is useful to examine, briefly, the patterns in this area. Pro-NAFTA groups were adamant that an improved Mexican economy was the only long-term solution to high levels of Mexican migration-legal or illegal-to the United States, and I see no basis to reject that analysis. The fact remains that in the relatively short period since NAFTA was implemented there has been no easing of pressure on border points in the southwest. Nonetheless, I would stress that it is impossible to attribute this situation to NAFTA per se, at the same time that in the short term at least NAFTA has not in itself significantly alleviated the migration problem. That is a long-term issue, driven by cultural, economic, and political considerations, which will only be corrected if a relative degree of equilibrium is achieved on both sides of the border. (Gallagher, 43-51) At present, that is not even a fantasy let alone a realistic economic goal, and even if the economic situation were corrected, such issues as family reunification with the large indigenous Mexican-American population in the southwestern United States will work to encourage ongoing migration into the area. Environmental Issues. Environmental protection was a critical factor in obtaining congressional approval of the agreement in the U.S. Congress; yet one must recognize that it was and remains a side issue beside the main objectives of NAFTA, which are trade and investment liberalization. Hence, it is rather misleading to attempt to measure the success or failure of NAFTA in terms of the successes or failures of that side agreement. Nonetheless, what I believe has happened over the past several years is that analysts have begun to take a far more holistic approach to the understanding of international trade questions, much in the same way that analysts in strategic studies have gone far beyond their traditional weapon-counting approach to the discipline by taking into consideration a range of other factors that now are seen to threaten national security, including environmental degradation, poverty, and human migration. (Francesco, 90-97) Mexico's economic crisis has seriously undermined its capacity at the federal, state, and local levels to fund environmental clean-up and regulation of industries. Hence, although there has been notable new private investment in Mexican maquiladoras, there has been no significant investment in the infrastructure in the areas where those firms operate. There is little value in detailing here the level of environmental degradation that continues to characterize industrial Mexico. Such pollution is clearly not the direct result of NAFTA, but it is the result of a political and economic philosophy that attempts to separate trade matters from the quality of the environment in which we live and which places a premium on open markets, privatization, and deregulation. (Andrea, 54-69) There has admittedly been more attention to environment, labor standards, and culture in recent years than there was at the outset of the debate over the U.S.-Canada trade agreement, primarily because of the impact that labor and environmental groups have had on the political agenda in the United States; but it is questionable that the relatively weak institutions established to deal with environmental and labor issues will be radical in their approaches. In the longer term, all societies will pay a very high price indeed if those issues are not effectively addressed. Conclusion NAFTA has not simply failed to provide some of its promised benefits, but it has led instead to unemployment, environmental devastation, and serious health problems.   The few beneficiaries have been corporations who benefit from deregulation that reduces their costs and the free market that they largely control.   The North American Free Trade Agreement has proved a failure and at the very least must be revised in order to compensate for the damages that have occurred. As long as economic motives are behind any legislation, people and the environment will unfortunately always be expendable. To return to the main issue raised in this paper, the impact of NAFTA in its first two years the evidence remains preliminary. A combination of factors led to a dramatic increase in Mexican exports to the United States after NAFTA and a substantial shift in the favorable balance of trade away from the United States. As long as prices and the costs of production in Mexico remain low, proximity to the United States will likely serve to perpetuate that pattern. Mexican export opportunities will also provide continuing incentive for foreign investment in Mexican agriculture and manufacturing, as well as financial institutions. To date, the anticipated liberalization of investment in the extractive resource sector in Mexico has not been fully realized, especially in petroleum, and the continued significance and power of PEMEX in Mexican political culture suggests that any dramatic change in the petroleum investment environment is unlikely to come soon. At the same time, the decades of a highly protectionist Mexican economic policy are in the past, and there are no signs of a return to the import substitution model. In the United States, there is more volatility on the politics of trade and trade policy. Works Cited Aggrawal, R. and Kyaw, N.A. â€Å"Equity market integration in the NAFTA region: evidence from unit root and cointegration tests†, International Review of Financial Analysis 4, 2004: 363-372 Andrea Bjorklund et al. â€Å"Investment Disputes Under NAFTA (Ring-bound)† Kluwer Law International; Lslf edition, 2006: 54-69 Francesco Duina, â€Å"The Social Construction of Free Trade: The European Union, NAFTA, and Mercosur† Princeton University Press, 2005: 90-97 Gallagher, Kevin â€Å"Free Trade and the Environment: Mexico, NAFTA, and Beyond†. Stanford University Press, 2004: 43-51 Gilmore, C.G. and McManus, G.M. â€Å"The impact of NAFTA on the integration of the Canadian, Mexican, and U.S. equity markets†, Research in Global Strategic Management 10, 2004: 102-118 Peter Hakim â€Å"The Future of North American Integration: Beyond NAFTA†. University of British Columbia Press, 2005: 44-56